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PD IEC TS 62786-41:2023 Distributed energy resources connection with the grid - Requirements for frequency measurement used to control distributed energy resources (DER) and loads, 2023
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- CONTENTS
- FOREWORD
- 1 Scope
- 2 Normative references
- 3 Terms and definitions
- 4 Performance description [Go to Page]
- 4.1 General
- 4.2 Input energizing quantities
- Tables [Go to Page]
- Table 1 – Performance characteristics presented in Clause 4
- 4.3 Delay time [Go to Page]
- 4.3.1 Description
- 4.3.2 Reporting of delay time declaration
- 4.4 Effective resolution and accuracy [Go to Page]
- 4.4.1 Description
- Table 2 – Example of delay time [Go to Page]
- 4.4.2 Effective measurement resolution
- 4.4.3 Reporting of the frequency and ROCOF accuracy
- 4.5 Measuring range, operating range, and rejection of interfering signals
- Table 3 – Example of measurement resolution and maximum absolute errorfor frequency and ROCOF measurements
- Figures [Go to Page]
- Figure 1 – Measuring range and operating range without interfering signals
- Figure 2 – Measuring range and operating range in the presenceof interfering signals
- Table 4 – Example of measuring range and operating range for frequencyand ROCOF measurements (taken from an actual instrument)
- 4.6 Timing characteristics [Go to Page]
- 4.6.1 Reporting rate
- 4.6.2 Settling time
- Table 5 – Example of reporting of settling time and reporting rate
- 5 Summary of typical performances associated with different use cases [Go to Page]
- Figure 3 – Settling time description with input signal added
- Table 6 – List of use cases and associated requirements
- 6 Description of functional test principles [Go to Page]
- 6.1 General
- 6.2 Test reference conditions
- 6.3 Verification of delay time for frequency and ROCOF measurement [Go to Page]
- 6.3.1 Test description
- 6.3.2 Example determination of delay time
- Figure 4 – Example of frequency delay time validation: measurementof delay time for a power frequency of 50 Hz
- Figure 5 – Example of cross-correlations of the normalized frequencies and ROCOF
- 6.4 Verification of effective resolution for frequency and ROCOF measurement [Go to Page]
- 6.4.1 Test description
- 6.4.2 Example determination of effective resolution
- 6.5 Verification of measurement and operating ranges [Go to Page]
- 6.5.1 Verification of measurement and operating ranges under steady state conditions
- Figure 6 – Example of frequency modulation used to determinefrequency effective resolution
- Figure 7 – Example of frequency modulation usedto determine ROCOF effective resolution [Go to Page]
- 6.5.2 Measuring and operating ranges under dynamic conditions
- Figure 8 – Example of verification of measurement bandwidthunder steady state conditions [Go to Page]
- 6.5.3 Verification of rejection of interfering interharmonics
- Figure 9 – Example of verification of measuring and operating rangesunder dynamic conditions
- Figure 10 – Example of verification of rejection of interfering interharmonics [Go to Page]
- 6.5.4 Verification of rejection of harmonics
- Table 7 – Input signal harmonic magnitudes
- Figure 11 – Waveforms with superimposed harmonics
- Figure 12 – Three-phase harmonic test signals, 0° and 180° harmonic phases
- 6.6 Verification of settling time [Go to Page]
- 6.6.1 Test description
- Figure 13 – Example of verification of rejection of harmonics [Go to Page]
- 6.6.2 Verification of settling time for frequency measurement
- 6.6.3 Example of verification of frequency settling time
- Figure 14 – Example of verification of frequency settling timeusing positive 1 Hz step in frequency [Go to Page]
- 6.6.4 Verification of settling time for ROCOF measurement
- 6.6.5 Example of verification of ROCOF settling time
- Figure 15 – Example of verification of frequency settling timeusing negative 1 Hz step in input frequency
- 6.7 Type test report
- Figure 16 – Example of verification of ROCOF settling timeusing positive 1 Hz/s step in ROCOF
- Figure 17 – Example of verification of ROCOF settling timeusing negative 1 Hz/s step in ROCOF
- Annex A (informative)Measurement classes [Go to Page]
- Table A.1 – Measurement classes for frequency measurements
- Table A.2 – Measurement classes for ROCOF measurements
- Annex B (informative)Description of frequency or ROCOF measurement use cases [Go to Page]
- B.1 Use case "PLL in photovoltaic power generating systems" [Go to Page]
- B.1.1 Technical background of the use case
- Figure B.1 – Example of a system diagram of a PV systemwith a three-phase DC to AC converter [Go to Page]
- B.1.2 Resulting requirements for measurement
- Figure B.2 – Example of system diagram of a three-phase PV system for voltage control
- B.2 Use case "Primary reserve" [Go to Page]
- B.2.1 Technical background of the use case
- B.2.2 Resulting requirements for measurement
- Table B.1 – Typical requirements for frequency measurement of PLL in PV systems
- Table B.2 – Typical requirements for frequency measurement –use case "Primary reserve" [Go to Page]
- B.2.3 Example of "frequency-watt" function in photovoltaic power generating systems
- Figure B.3 – Example of system diagram of PV system with frequency-watt function
- B.3 Use case "Secondary reserve – frequency measurement used for centralized control" [Go to Page]
- B.3.1 Technical background of the use case
- B.3.2 Resulting requirements for measurement
- Figure B.4 – Application example of frequency-watt function for PV systems
- Table B.3 – Example of requirements of frequency-Watt function of PV systems
- B.4 Use case "Fast frequency-active power proportional controller with dead band" [Go to Page]
- B.4.1 Technical background of the use case
- Table B.4 – Typical requirements for use case "Secondary reserve –frequency measurement used for centralized control" [Go to Page]
- B.4.2 Resulting requirements for measurement
- Figure B.5 – Example of fast frequency-active power proportional controller with dead band (LFSM-O and LFSM-U characteristics from European Grid Code)
- B.5 Use case "Fast frequency response" [Go to Page]
- B.5.1 Technical background of the use case
- B.5.2 Resulting requirements for measurement
- B.6 Use case "Synthetic inertia" [Go to Page]
- B.6.1 Technical background of the use case
- Table B.5 – Typical requirements for frequency measurement – use case "Fast frequencyactive power proportional controller with dead band"
- Table B.6 – Typical requirements for frequency measurement –use case "Fast frequency response" [Go to Page]
- B.6.2 Resulting requirements for measurement
- B.7 Use case "Passive anti-islanding detection" [Go to Page]
- B.7.1 Technical background of the use case
- Table B.7 – Typcial requirements for ROCOF measurement –use case "Synthetic inertia" [Go to Page]
- B.7.2 Resulting requirements for measurement
- Table B.8 – Set of typical requirements for frequency measurement –use case "Passive anti-islanding detection"
- Table B.9 – Typical requirements for ROCOF measurement –use case "Passive anti-islanding detection"
- B.8 Use case "Active anti-islanding detection" [Go to Page]
- B.8.1 Technical background of the use case
- B.8.2 Resulting requirements for measurement
- Table B.10 – Typical requirements for frequency measurement –use case "Active anti-islanding detection"
- B.9 Use case "ROCOF measurement used for centralized control" [Go to Page]
- B.9.1 Technical background of the use case
- B.9.2 Resulting requirements for measurement
- B.10 Use case "Load control with active power management" [Go to Page]
- B.10.1 Technical background of the use case
- B.10.2 Resulting requirements for measurement
- Table B.11 – Typical requirements for ROCOF measurement –use case "ROCOF measurement used for centralized control"
- Table B.12 – Typical requirements for frequency measurement –use case "Load control with active power management"
- B.11 Use case "Self-dispatchable loads" (microgrid applications) [Go to Page]
- B.11.1 Technical background of the use case
- B.11.2 Resulting requirements for measurement
- Table B.13 – Typical requirements for frequency measurement –use case "Self-dispatchable loads"
- B.12 Use case "Under-frequency load shedding" (UFLS) [Go to Page]
- B.12.1 Technical background of the use case
- B.12.2 Resulting requirements for measurement
- Table B.14 – Typical requirements for frequency measurement –use case "Under-frequency load shedding"
- Table B.15 – Typical requirements for ROCOF measurement –use case "Under-frequency load shedding"
- Annex C (informative)Summary of requirements expressed in standards and grid codes related to frequency and ROCOF measurements [Go to Page]
- Table C.1 – Requirements expressed in standards and grid codes related to frequency and ROCOF measurements
- Annex D (informative)Maximum ROCOF to be considered on power systems in case of incidents [Go to Page]
- D.1 General
- D.2 UK
- D.3 European continent
- D.4 Islands
- Annex E (informative)Frequency and rotating vectors [Go to Page]
- Figure E.1 – Phasor representation of a power system signal, which has amplitude (a), angle (Φ) and angular velocity (ω)
- Annex F (informative)Synthetizing input signals with sudden frequency change without discontinuity in voltage waveform [Go to Page]
- Figure F.1 – Example of voltage waveform without discontinuity at to = 0,02 s
- Figure F.2 – Example of voltage waveform with discontinuity at to = 0,02 s
- Annex G (informative)Step test equivalent time sampling technique [Go to Page]
- G.1 Overview
- Figure G.1 – Example of reports during step response
- G.2 Equivalent time sampling
- Figure G.2 – Example of reports during step response with higher resolution
- G.3 Determination of settling time using instrument errors
- Figure G.3 – Example of reports during step response with higher resolution
- Annex H (informative)Voltage and phase angle changes during transmission line faultsrelated to the type of transformer connection [Go to Page]
- H.1 Overview
- H.2 Power line short circuit fault and protection
- Figure H.1 – Voltage phase change by transmission line short circuit fault
- Figure H.2 – Transmission line protection sequence and line voltage, frequency change
- H.3 Voltage magnitude and phase angle change at line fault [Go to Page]
- H.3.1 General
- H.3.2 Balanced-three-phase short circuit fault
- H.3.3 Line-to-line short circuit fault
- Figure H.3 – Voltage and phase angle change at three-phase short circuit
- Figure H.4 – Relationship of voltage phase angle betweenYconnection side and Δconnection side
- Figure H.5 – Voltage magnitude and phase angle change at two-phase short circuit fault
- H.4 Conclusion
- Annex I (informative)Influencing factors and functional tests [Go to Page]
- I.1 Influencing factors
- I.2 Functional tests [Go to Page]
- I.2.1 General
- I.2.2 Phase step change
- Table I.1 – Influencing factors of frequency and ROCOF measurements [Go to Page]
- I.2.3 Magnitude step change
- Figure I.1 – Frequency error response to +0,3 radianphase step followed by −0,3 radian step
- Figure I.2 – ROCOF error response to +0,3 radianphase step followed by −0,3 radian step
- Figure I.3 – Frequency error response to magnitude step changes [Go to Page]
- I.2.4 Combined magnitude and phase step change
- Figure I.4 – ROCOF error response to steps in magnitude
- Figure I.5 – Voltage vectors for test case a)
- Table I.2 – Test case a) for combined magnitude and phase step change
- Table I.3 – Test case b) for combined magnitude and phase step change
- Figure I.6 – Voltage vectors for test case b)
- Figure I.7 – Frequency error responses to combined phase and magnitude steps [Go to Page]
- I.2.5 Voltage magnitude drop and restoration
- Figure I.8 – ROCOF error responses to combined phase and magnitude steps
- Figure I.9 – Representation of the input energizing quantity (voltage, RMS) injection
- Figure I.10 – Frequency response to voltage drop and restoration
- Figure I.11 – ROCOF response to voltage drop and restoration [Go to Page]
- I.2.6 Noise
- Figure I.12 – Frequency error absolute values from noise test scenarios a) and b) [Go to Page]
- I.2.7 Unbalanced input signal magnitude
- Figure I.13 – ROCOF error absolute values from noise test scenarios a) and b)
- Table I.4 – Magnitudes and phase angles for three phase voltages
- Figure I.14 – Frequency absolute error due to unbalanced input signal magnitude [Go to Page]
- I.2.8 Linear ramp of frequency
- Figure I.15 – ROCOF absolute error due to unbalanced input signal magnitude
- Figure I.16 – Frequency ramp test scenarios
- Figure I.17 – Absolute frequency error during linear ramp of frequency test scenarios
- Figure I.18 – Absolute ROCOF error during linear ramp of frequency test scenarios
- Bibliography [Go to Page]
