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eLibrary > BS EN 17527:2021 Helium cryostats. Protection against excessive pressure >

BS EN 17527:2021 Helium cryostats. Protection against excessive pressure, 2022

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BS EN 17527:2021 Helium cryostats. Protection against excessive pressure, 2022

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1 Scope
2 Normative references
3 Terms and definitions
4 Symbols
5 Process flow-charts [Go to Page]
5.1 Process flow-chart concerning risk assessment and protection concepts
5.2 Process flow-chart concerning scenario-specific dimensioning of helium circuit PRD
6 Risk assessment [Go to Page]
6.1 General information on risk assessment
6.2 Sources of excessive pressure rise relevant for dimensioning [Go to Page]
6.2.1 Loss of insulating vacuum
6.2.2 Loss of beamline vacuum
6.2.3 Quench of superconducting device
6.2.4 Leak of cryogenic fluid
6.2.5 Dielectric breakdown
6.2.6 Entrapment of cryogenic fluid
6.3 Sources of excessive pressure rise to be mitigated [Go to Page]
6.3.1 Thermal acoustic oscillation
6.3.2 Cryopumping
6.3.3 Power failure
6.3.4 Pressure surge
6.3.5 Freezing
6.3.6 Backflow
6.3.7 Other sources of excessive pressure
6.3.8 Earthquake
6.3.9 Fire
6.4 Combined scenarios
6.5 Risk assessment before ordering
6.6 Risk assessment in the design phase
7 Protection concepts [Go to Page]
7.1 General
7.2 Single-stage protection concept
7.3 Multi-stage protection concepts [Go to Page]
7.3.1 General
7.3.2 Pressure protection of high-pressure helium cryostats
7.3.3 Pressure protection of low-pressure helium cryostats
7.3.4 Pressure protection of sub-atmospheric helium cryostats
7.3.5 Pressure protection of He-II cryostats
7.3.6 Pressure protection of ultra-low temperature refrigerator systems
8 Dimensioning of pressure relief devices [Go to Page]
8.1 Method for the dimensioning of pressure relief devices
8.2 Calculation of the minimum discharge area
8.3 Calculation of the fluid state properties at relieving conditions [Go to Page]
8.3.1 Calculation of the relieving pressure
8.3.2 Calculation of the specific volume [Go to Page]
8.3.2.1 Initial specific volume
8.3.2.2 Specific volume at subcritical relieving pressure
8.3.2.3 Specific volume at critical and supercritical relieving pressure
8.4 Calculation of the relieving mass flow rate [Go to Page]
8.4.1 General
8.4.2 Loss of insulating vacuum
8.4.3 Loss of beamline vacuum
8.4.4 Quench of a superconducting device
8.4.5 Leak of cryogenic fluid
8.4.6 Dielectric breakdown
8.4.7 Calculation of the specific enthalpy change [Go to Page]
8.4.7.1 General
8.4.7.2 Specific enthalpy change at subcritical relieving pressure
8.4.7.3 Specific enthalpy change at critical and supercritical relieving pressure
8.5 Calculation of the mass flux [Go to Page]
8.5.1 General
8.5.2 Influence of upstream pipework
8.5.3 Influence of downstream pipework
8.6 Calculation of the discharge coefficient [Go to Page]
8.6.1 General
8.6.2 Adaption of the discharge coefficient of PRV
8.7 Transfer line systems
8.8 Dimensioning of vacuum vessel PRD
9 Pressure relief devices [Go to Page]
9.1 General
9.2 Pressure relief valves
9.3 Bursting discs
9.4 Combinations of pressure relief valves and bursting discs
9.5 Magnetic pressure relief devices
9.6 Pressure relief devices for insulating vacuum vessels
9.7 Mechanical supports for pressure relief devices
9.8 Materials for pressure relief devices
10 Substance release [Go to Page]
10.1 General
10.2 Discharge lines and discharge systems
11 Operating, maintenance and inspection instructions [Go to Page]
11.1 General
11.2 Specific instructions to be included in the operating, maintenance and inspection instructions [Go to Page]
11.2.1 Operating instructions for pressure relief devices
11.2.2 Periodic inspections of pressure relief devices
11.2.3 Pressure relief valves
11.2.4 Bursting discs
11.2.5 Maintenance
Annex A (informative)Thermodynamic characteristics of helium [Go to Page]
A.1 Basics
A.2 Process path during relieving
Annex B (informative)Additional information on risk assessment [Go to Page]
B.1 Loss of insulating vacuum
B.2 Loss of beamline vacuum
B.3 Quench of superconducting device [Go to Page]
B.3.1 General
B.3.2 Main cooling scenarios [Go to Page]
B.3.2.1 General
B.3.2.2 Direct cooling by forced flow of supercritical helium
B.3.2.3 Indirect cooling by solid conduction
B.3.2.4 Bath cooling of boiling or superfluid helium
B.3.2.5 Internal cooling by static helium
B.4 Leak of cryogenic fluid [Go to Page]
B.4.1 General
B.4.2 Leak-before-break behaviour
B.4.3 Material characteristics
B.4.4 Thermo-mechanical stress
B.5 Dielectric breakdown
B.6 Thermal acoustic oscillation
B.7 Cryopumping
B.8 Qualitative risk assessment [Go to Page]
B.8.1 General
B.8.2 Probability level
B.8.3 Severity level
B.8.4 Criticality matrix
B.8.5 HAZOP table
Annex C (informative)Protection concepts [Go to Page]
C.1 Single-stage protection concept
C.2 Multi-stage protection concepts [Go to Page]
C.2.1 General
C.2.2 Pressure protection of superconducting magnet systems
C.2.3 Pressure protection of superconducting radiofrequency cavities
C.2.4 Pressure protection of sub-atmospheric helium systems
C.2.5 Pressure protection of He-II systems
C.2.6 Pressure protection of ultra-low temperature refrigerator systems
Annex D (informative)Dimensioning of pressure relief devices [Go to Page]
D.1 Equivalence between EN ISO 41267:2013/A1:2016/EN ISO 210133:2016 and D.2
D.2 Case-specific model for the dimensioning of pressure relief devices [Go to Page]
D.2.1 General
D.2.2 Calculation of the minimum discharge area
D.2.3 Determination of the fluid velocity
D.2.4 Calculation of the discharge function
D.3 Influence of upstream pipework
D.4 Coefficient of discharge
D.5 Exemplary calculations of the minimum flow area [Go to Page]
D.5.1 Example 1 – Vertical He-I magnet cryostat [Go to Page]
D.5.1.1 Problem description
D.5.1.2 Solution for the primary PRD
D.5.1.3 Solution for the secondary PRD
D.5.2 Example 1 with the influence of downstream pipework [Go to Page]
D.5.2.1 Problem description
D.5.2.2 Solution
D.5.3 Example 2 – Superfluid He-II cryostat protected by two PRD in series – Subcritical relief [Go to Page]
D.5.3.1 Problem description
D.5.3.2 Solution for PRD 1
D.5.3.3 Solution for the helium guard PRD
D.5.4 Example 3 – Superfluid He-II cryostat protected by two PRD in series – Supercritical relief [Go to Page]
D.5.4.1 Problem description
D.5.4.2 Solution for PRD 1
D.5.4.3 Solution for the helium guard PRD
Annex E (informative)Types of pressure relief devices [Go to Page]
E.1 Application standards
E.2 Product standards [Go to Page]
E.2.1 Purpose, prerequisites
E.2.2 Full-lift pressure relief valves
E.2.3 Standard pressure relief valves
E.2.4 Proportional pressure relief valves
E.2.5 Pilot-operated pressure relief valves
E.2.6 Controlled pressure relief valves with an additional pneumatic load
E.2.7 PRV with magnetic actuation
E.2.8 Specific cryogenic PRV features [Go to Page]
E.2.8.1 Stainless steel bellows
E.2.8.2 Friction dampers
E.2.8.3 Lift increase and additional pneumatic load
E.2.8.4 Steel seal — seat leak rate
E.2.8.5 Sealing gas system
E.3 Bursting discs [Go to Page]
E.3.1 Functional characteristics
E.3.2 Metal bursting discs
E.3.3 Graphite bursting discs
E.3.4 Long-term behaviour
E.3.5 Leak rates
E.4 Pressure relief valve / bursting disc combinations
E.5 Pressure relief devices for vacuum vessels [Go to Page]

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BS EN 17527:2021 Helium cryostats. Protection against excessive pressure, 2022

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