ASTM E709-95
Historical Standard: ASTM E709-95 Standard Guide for Magnetic Particle Examination
SUPERSEDED (see Active link, below)
ASTM E709
1. Scope
1.1 This guide describes techniques for both dry and wet magnetic particle examination, a nondestructive method for detecting cracks and other discontinuities at or near the surface in ferromagnetic materials. Magnetic particle examination may be applied to raw material, semifinished material (billets, blooms, castings, and forgings), finished material and welds, regardless of heat treatment or lack thereof. It is useful for preventive maintenance examination.
1.1.1 This guide is intended as a reference to aid in the preparation of specifications/standards, procedures and techniques.
1.2 This guide is also a reference that may be used as follows:
1.2.1 To establish a means by which magnetic particle examination, procedures recommended or required by individual organizations, can be reviewed to evaluate their applicability and completeness.
1.2.2 To aid in the organization of the facilities and personnel concerned in magnetic particle examination.
1.2.3 To aid in the preparation of procedures dealing with the examination of materials and parts. This guide describes magnetic particle examination techniques that are recommended for a great variety of sizes and shapes of ferromagnetic materials and widely varying examination requirements. Since there are many acceptable differences in both procedure and technique, the explicit requirements should be covered by a written procedure (see Section 21 ).
1.3 This guide does not indicate, suggest, or specify acceptance standards for parts/pieces examined by these techniques. It should be pointed out, however, that after indications have been produced, they must be interpreted or classified and then evaluated. For this purpose there should be a separate code, specification, or a specific agreement to define the type, size, location, degree of alignment and spacing, area concentration, and orientation of indications that are unacceptable in a specific part versus those which need not be removed before part acceptance. Conditions where rework or repair are not permitted should be specified.
1.4 This guide describes the use of the following magnetic particle method techniques.
1.4.1 Dry magnetic powder (see 8.4 ),
1.4.2 Wet magnetic particle (see 8.5),
1.4.3 Magnetic slurry/paint magnetic particle (see 8.5.8 ), and
1.4.4 Polymer magnetic particle (see 8.5.8).
1.5 Personnel Qualification Personnel performing examinations in accordance with this guide shall be qualified and certified in accordance with ASNT Recommended Practice No. SNT-TC-1A, ANSI/ASNT Standard CP-189, NAS 410, or as specified in the contract or purchase order.
1.6 Nondestructive Testing Agency If a nondestructive testing agency as described in Practice E 543 is used to perform the examination, the testing agency shall meet the requirements of Practice E 543.
1.7 Table of Contents:
| SECTION | |
| Scope | 1 |
| Scope Description | 1.1 |
| A Reference Document | 1.2 |
| Acceptance Standards for Parts not Covered | 1.3 |
| Magnetic Particle Method Techniques | 1.4 |
| Personnel Qualifications | 1.5 |
| Nondestructive Testing Agency | 1.6 |
| Table of Contents | 1.7 |
| SI Units | 1.8 |
| Safety Caveat | 1.9 |
| Referenced Documents | 2 |
| ASTM Standards | 2.1 |
| SAE Documents | 2.2 |
| ASNT Documents | 2.3 |
| U.S. Government Documents | 2.4 |
| Definitions | 3 |
| Summary of Guide | 4 |
| Principle | 4.1 |
| Method | 4.2 |
| Magnetization | 4.3 |
| Types of Magnetic Particle and Their Use | 4.4 |
| Evaluation of Indications | 4.5 |
| Typical Magnetic Particle Indications | 4.6 |
| Significance and Use | 5 |
| Equipment | 6 |
| Types | 6.1 |
| SECTION | |
| Portability | 6.2 |
| Yokes | 6.3 |
| Prods | 6.4 |
| Black Light | 6.5 |
| Equipment Verification | 6.6 |
| Examination Area | 7 |
| Light Intensity for Examination | 7.1 |
| Housekeeping | 7.2 |
| Magnetic Particle Materials | 8 |
| Particle Types | 8.2 |
| Particle Characteristics | 8.3 |
| Dry Particles | 8.4 |
| Wet Particle Systems | 8.5 |
| Part Preparation | 9 |
| General | 9.1 |
| Cleaning Examination Surface | 9.2 |
| Sequence of Operations | 10 |
| Sequencing Particle Application and Establishing Magnetic Flux Field | 10.1 |
| Types of Magnetizing Currents | 11 |
| Basic Current Types | 11.1 |
| Part Magnetization Techniques | 12 |
| Examination Coverage | 12.1 |
| Direct and Indirect Magnetization | 12.2 |
| Choosing a Magnetization Technique | 12.3 |
| Direction of Magnetic Fields | 13 |
| Discontinuity Orientation vs Magnetic Field Direction | 13.1 |
| Circular Magnetization | 13.2 |
| Torodial Magnetization | 13.3 |
| Longitudinal Magnetization | 13.4 |
| Multidirectional Magnetization | 13.5 |
| Magnetic Field Strength | 14 |
| Magnetizing Field Strengths | 14.1 |
| Establishing Field Strengths | 14.2 |
| Guidelines for Establishing Magnetic Fields | 14.3 |
| Application of Dry and Wet Magnetic Particles | 15 |
| Dry Magnetic Particles | 15.1 |
| Wet Particles Applications | 15.2 |
| Magnetic Slurry/Paint | 15.3 |
| Magnetic Polymers | 15.4 |
| Interpretation of Indications | 16 |
| Valid Indications | 16.1 |
| Recording of Indications | 17 |
| Means of Recording | 17.1 |
| Accompanying Information | 17.2 |
| Demagnetization | 18 |
| Applicability | 18.1 |
| Demagnetization Methods | 18.2 |
| Extent of Demagnetization | 18.3 |
| Post Examination Cleaning | 19 |
| Particle Removal | 19.1 |
| Means of Particle Removal | 19.2 |
| Evaluation of System Performance/Sensitivity | 20 |
| Contributor Factors | 20.1 |
| Maintenance and Calibration of Equipment | 20.2 |
| Equipment Checks | 20.3 |
| Examination Area Light Level Control | 20.4 |
| Dry Particle Quality Control Tests | 20.5 |
| Wet Particle Quality Control Tests | 20.6 |
| Bath Characteristics Control | 20.7 |
| Verifying System Performance | 20.8 |
| Procedure and Report | 21 |
| Written Procedure | 21.1 |
| Written Reports | 21.2 |
| Acceptance Standards | 22 |
| Safety | 23 |
| SECTION | |
| Precision and Bias | 24 |
| Keywords | 25 |
| Annex | AnnexA1 |
| Appendix X1. | Appendix |
| X1 | |
| Appendix X2. | Appendix |
| X2 |
1.8 The numerical values shown in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. SI units are provided for information only.
1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents (purchase separately) The documents listed below are referenced within the subject standard but are not provided as part of the standard.
ASTM Standards
A275/A275M Practice for Magnetic Particle Examination of Steel Forgings
A456/A456M Specification for Magnetic Particle Examination of Large Crankshaft Forgings
D93 Test Methods for Flash Point by Pensky-Martens Closed Cup Tester
D445 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent and Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscosity)
E165 Practice for Liquid Penetrant Examination for General Industry
E543 Specification for Agencies Performing Nondestructive Testing
E1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
E1444 Practice for Magnetic Particle Testing
E2297 Guide for Use of UV-A and Visible Light Sources and Meters used in the Liquid Penetrant and Magnetic Particle Methods
Keywords
dye; evaluation; examination; fluorescent; inspection; magnetic particle; nondestructive; testing; Billets; Blooms; Castings; Cracking; Defects--metals/alloys; Discontinuities--metals/alloys; Dry magnetic particle inspection; Ferromagnetic material/testing; Forgings; Inclusions; Laps; Magnetic particle inspection; Metals and metallic materials; Steel; Surface analysis--metals/alloys; Welding/welds; Wet magnetic particle examination;
ICS Code
ICS Number Code 77.040.20 (Non-destructive testing of metals)
DOI: 10.1520/E0709-95
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