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Description of ASTM-E446 2014ASTM E446-14Historical Standard: Standard Reference Radiographs for Steel Castings Up to 2 in. (50.8 mm) in ThicknessASTM E446Scope 1.1 These reference radiographs2 illustrate various categories, types, and severity levels of discontinuities occurring in steel castings that have section thicknesses up to 2 in. (50.8 mm) (see Note 2). The reference radiograph films are an adjunct to this standard and must be purchased separately from ASTM International, if needed (see 2.2). Categories and severity levels for each discontinuity type represented by these reference radiographs are described in 1.3. Note 1: The basis of application for these reference radiographs requires a prior purchaser supplier agreement of radiographic examination attributes and classification criterion as described in Sections 4, 6, and 7 of this standard. Note 2: Reference radiographs previously used for this thickness range carried the designation E71, but included a now rarely used gamma source, that is, radium. The current document is also updated by inclusion of several recognized shrinkage or C categories and by elimination of the crack and hot tear categories except for one example of each of these discontinuity types. Reference radiographs for thicker sections may be found in Reference Radiograph standards E186 and E280. Reference Radiograph standards E446 and E186 provide some overlap of severity levels for similar discontinuity categories within the same energy level range (see 4.2, 5.1, and 6.3). 1.2 These film reference radiographs are not intended to illustrate the types and degrees of discontinuities found in steel castings when performing digital radiography. If performing digital radiography of steel castings up to 2 in. (50.8 mm) in thickness, refer to Digital Reference Image Standard E2868. 1.3 These reference radiographs consist of three separate volumes (see Note 3) as follows: (I) medium voltage (nominal 250-kV) X rays. (II) 1-MV X rays and Iridium-192 radiation, and (III) 2-MV to 4-MV X rays and cobalt-60 radiation. Unless otherwise specified in a purchaser supplier agreement (see 1.1), each volume is for comparison only with production radiographs produced with radiation energy levels within the thickness range covered by this standard. Each volume consists of six categories of graded discontinuities of increasing severity level and four categories of ungraded discontinuities. Reference radiographs containing ungraded discontinuities are provided as a guide for recognition of a specific casting discontinuity type where severity levels are not needed. Following is a list of discontinuity categories, types and severity levels for the adjunct reference radiographs of this standard: 1.3.1 Category A—Gas porosity; severity levels 1 through 5. 1.3.2 Category B—Sand and slag inclusions; severity levels 1 through 5. 1.3.3 Category C—Shrinkage; 4 types: 1.3.3.1 Ca—linear shrinkage—Severity levels 1 through 5. 1.3.3.2 Cb—feathery shrinkage—Severity levels 1 through 5. 1.3.3.3 Cc—sponge shrinkage—Severity levels 1 through 5. 1.3.3.4 Cd—combinations of linear, feathery and sponge shrinkage—Severity levels 1 through 5. 1.3.4 Category D—Crack; 1 illustration. 1.3.5 Category E—Hot tear; 1 illustration. 1.3.6 Category F—Insert; 1 illustration. 1.3.7 Category G—Mottling; 1 illustration.
Note 3: The reference radiographs consist of the following: Note 4: Although Category G–Mottling is listed for all three volumes, the appearance of mottling is dependent on the level of radiation energy. Mottling appears reasonably prominent in Volume I; however, because of the higher radiation energy levels mottling may not be apparent in Volume II nor Volume III. 1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. SI values are shown for information only. 1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Keywords discontinuity classification criterion; gamma ray; reference radiographs; steel castings; x-ray ; ICS Code ICS Number Code 77.040.20 (Non-destructive testing of metals) DOI: 10.1520/E0446-14 The following editions for this book are also available...This book also exists in the following packages...Subscription InformationMADCAD.com ASTM Standards subscriptions are annual and access is unlimited concurrency based (number of people that can access the subscription at any given time) from single office location. For pricing on multiple office location ASTM Standards Subscriptions, please contact us at info@madcad.com or +1 800.798.9296.
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About ASTMASTM International, formerly known as the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), is a globally recognized leader in the development and delivery of international voluntary consensus standards. Today, some 12,000 ASTM standards are used around the world to improve product quality, enhance safety, facilitate market access and trade, and build consumer confidence. ASTM’s leadership in international standards development is driven by the contributions of its members: more than 30,000 of the world’s top technical experts and business professionals representing 150 countries. Working in an open and transparent process and using ASTM’s advanced electronic infrastructure, ASTM members deliver the test methods, specifications, guides, and practices that support industries and governments worldwide. |
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