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Description of ASTM-E280 2021ASTM E280-21Active Standard: Standard Reference Radiographs for Heavy-Walled (412 to 12 in. (114 to 305 mm)) Steel CastingsASTM E280Scope 1.1 These reference radiographs2 illustrate various categories, types, and severity levels of discontinuities occurring in steel castings that have section thicknesses of 41/2 to 12 in. (114 to 305 mm). The reference radiograph films are an adjunct to this document and must be purchased separately from ASTM International, if needed (see 2.2). Categories and severity levels for each discontinuity type represented by these reference radiographs are described in 1.2. Note 1: The basis of application for these reference radiographs requires a prior purchaser supplier agreement of radiographic examination attributes and classification criterion as described in Sections 4, 6, and 7 of this standard. Reference radiographs for other steel casting thicknesses may be found in Reference Radiographs E446 and E186. Reference Radiographs E186 provides some overlap of severity levels for similar discontinuity categories within the same energy level range (see 4.3, 5.1, and 6.3). 1.2 These reference radiographs consist of two separate volumes as follows 1.2.1 Volume I: 2-MV X-rays and Cobalt-60—This includes cobalt-60 or equivalent isotope radiation and from 2-MV up to 4-MV X-rays. Set of 28 plates in 81/2 by 11 in. (216 by 279 mm) ring binders. 1.2.2 Volume II: 4-MV to 30-MV X-rays—Set of 28 plates in 8 1/2 by 11 in. (216 by 279 mm) ring binders. 1.2.3 Unless otherwise specified in a purchaser supplier agreement (see 1.1), each volume is for comparison only with production radiographs produced with radiation energy levels within the thickness range covered by this standard. Each volume consists of three categories of graded discontinuities in increasing severity levels, and three categories of ungraded discontinuities. Reference radiographs containing ungraded discontinuities are provided as a guide for recognition of a specific casting discontinuity type where severity levels are not needed. Following is a list of discontinuity categories, types, and severity levels for the adjunct reference radiographs of this standard: 1.2.3.1 Category A—Gas porosity; severity levels 1 through 5. 1.2.3.2 Category B—Sand and slag inclusions; severity levels 1 through 5. 1.2.3.3 Category C—Shrinkage; three types: (1) Ca Linear Shrinkage—Severity levels 1 through 5 (called Type 1 in previous revisions). (2) Cb Feathery Shrinkage —Severity levels 1 through 5 (called Type 2 in previous revisions). (3) Cc Sponge Shrinkage—Severity levels 1 through 5 (called Type 3 in previous revisions). 1.2.3.4 Category D—Crack; one illustration D5 in pre-1972 documents. 1.2.3.5 Category E—Hot tear; one illustration D3 in pre-1972 documents. 1.2.3.6 Category F—Insert; one illustration EB2 in pre-1972 documents. 1.3 From time to time, there may be minor changes to the process for manufacturing of the reference radiograph adjunct materials. These changes could include changes in the films or processing chemicals used, changes in the dies or printing for the cardboard mats, etc.; however, in all cases, these changes are reviewed by the Illustration Monitoring Subcommittee and all reference radiographs are reviewed against a fixed prototype image to ensure that there are no changes to the acceptance level represented by the reference radiographs. Therefore, the adjunct reference radiographs remain valid for use with this standard regardless of the date of production or the revision level of the text standard. 1.4 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard. 1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee. Keywords classification criterion; discontinuity; gamma ray; reference radiographs; steel castings; X-ray ; ICS Code ICS Number Code 77.040.20 (Non-destructive testing of metals) DOI: 10.1520/E0280-21 The following editions for this book are also available...This book also exists in the following packages...Subscription InformationMADCAD.com ASTM Standards subscriptions are annual and access is unlimited concurrency based (number of people that can access the subscription at any given time) from single office location. For pricing on multiple office location ASTM Standards Subscriptions, please contact us at info@madcad.com or +1 800.798.9296.
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About ASTMASTM International, formerly known as the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), is a globally recognized leader in the development and delivery of international voluntary consensus standards. Today, some 12,000 ASTM standards are used around the world to improve product quality, enhance safety, facilitate market access and trade, and build consumer confidence. ASTM’s leadership in international standards development is driven by the contributions of its members: more than 30,000 of the world’s top technical experts and business professionals representing 150 countries. Working in an open and transparent process and using ASTM’s advanced electronic infrastructure, ASTM members deliver the test methods, specifications, guides, and practices that support industries and governments worldwide. |
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