Abstract

This test method covers the measurement of the longitudinal friction coefficient with a measurement device that imposes braking-slip between a tire and a surface for the full range of braking-slip speed values. The test apparatus consists of an automotive vehicle with one or two independently functioning test wheel systems incorporated into it. Each test wheel system contains a continuously variable brake system and a pavement wetting system. The overall system is controlled by a programmable control unit. The test apparatus is brought to the desired test speed. A controlled amount of water is optionally delivered ahead of the test tire and the braking system is actuated to control the slip ratio of the test wheel. The resulting resistive force from friction acting between the test tire and pavement surface is sampled, filtered, calculated, and recorded by suitable data acquisition routines. For tire comparison testing two identical test wheels, both are subjected to the same test run control logic for equal spin velocities and loads in parallel wheel paths on the same test track. The braking slip friction coefficient of the paved road surface is calculated and reported as slip friction numbers. The slip friction numbers are typically presented in a graphical form. Cartesian plots of slip friction numbers versus slip speed or slip ratio are presented with identification of: peak friction value, critical slip ratio, slip-to-skid friction number, slope of the tangent at zero slip speed of the curve, and slope of the logarithm curve at high slip ratio.

This abstract is a brief summary of the referenced standard. It is informational only and not an official part of the standard; the full text of the standard itself must be referred to for its use and application. ASTM does not give any warranty express or implied or make any representation that the contents of this abstract are accurate, complete or up to date.

1. Scope

1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the longitudinal friction coefficient with a measurement device that imposes braking-slip between a tire and a surface for the full range of braking-slip speed values.

1.2 This test method utilizes a series of incremental single measurements of friction force on a braked test wheel as it is pulled over a wetted or contaminated pavement surface. The rotational velocity of the braked wheel is feedback controlled in order to give a predetermined variable slip ratio gradient in accordance with set program parameters. The test wheel is kept under a constant static normal load and at a constant longitudinal speed of travel. Its major plane is perpendicular to the road plane and parallel to its direction of motion.

1.3 The values measured represent the friction properties obtained with the equipment and procedures stated in this test method and do not necessarily agree or correlate directly with those obtained by other pavement friction measuring methods.

1.4 The values are intended for use in:

1.4.1 Evaluating the braking friction forces on a pavement relative to that of other pavements.

1.4.2 Evaluating changes in the braking friction forces of a particular pavement with the passage of time.

1.4.3 Evaluating the changes in the braking friction force of a pavement when subjected to polishing wear and loss of macrotexture caused by traffic with passage of time.

1.4.4 Evaluating changes in the braking friction forces of a pavement contaminated with ice, moderate amounts of slush and snow, pollen, vehicle oil spills and condensates from vehicle engine exhaust, and deposits from other pollution sources.

1.4.5 Evaluating the braking friction forces of a specimen tire on a clean or contaminated pavement.

1.5 The friction values reported by this test method are insufficient to determine the distance required to stop a vehicle on either a dry, wet, or contaminated pavement. They are also insufficient for determining the speed at which control of a vehicle would be lost.

1.6 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.

1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in Section 6 and Note 4.

2. Referenced Documents (purchase separately) The documents listed below are referenced within the subject standard but are not provided as part of the standard.

ASTM Standards

E178 Practice for Dealing With Outlying Observations

E274 Test Method for Skid Resistance of Paved Surfaces Using a Full-Scale Tire

E501 Specification for Rib Tire for Pavement Skid-Resistance Tests

E524 Specification for Smooth Tire for Pavement Skid-Resistance Tests

E867 Terminology Relating to Vehicle-Pavement Systems

E1136 Specification for P195/75R14 Radial Standard Reference Test Tire

E1551 Specification for Special Purpose, Smooth-Tread Tire, Operated on Fixed Braking Slip Continuous Friction Measuring Equipment

F377 Practice for Calibration of Braking/Tractive Measuring Devices for Testing Tires

Keywords

Braking-slip speed technique; Longitudinal profile; Pavement surfaces (friction analysis); Tire testing; Variable slip technique;

ICS Code

ICS Number Code 83.160.01 (Tyres in general); 93.080.99 (Other standards related to road engineering)

DOI: 10.1520/E1859_E1859M-11

ASTM International is a member of CrossRef.

ASTM E1859 / E1859M