Significance and Use

This practice should be used whenever measured color-scale or color-difference-scale values are to be compared to an established tolerance. In this way it can be demonstrated quantitatively that the sampling and measurement procedures are adequate to allow an unambiguous decision as to whether or not the mean results are within tolerance.

This practice is based on portions of SAE J 1545, as it applies to painted or plastic automotive parts. It is generally applicable to object colors in various materials. Textured materials, such as textiles, may require special consideration (see SAE J 1545 and STP 15D Manual on Presentation of Data and Control Chart Analysis ).

While Practice E178 deals with outliers, it does not include definitions relating to the box and whisker technique. The definition of an outlier is operational and a little vague because there is still considerable disagreement about what constitutes an outlier. In any normally distributed population, there will be members that range from minus to plus infinity. Theoretically, one should include any member of the population in any sample based on estimates of the population parameters. Practically, including a member that is found far from the mean within a small sample, most members of which are found near the mean, will introduce a systematic bias into the estimate of the population parameters (mean, standard deviation, standard error). Such a bias is in direct contrast with the goal of this practice, namely, to reduce the effects of variability of measurement. For the purposes of this practice, no distinction is made between errors of sampling and members of the tails of the distribution. Practice E178 has several methods and significance tables to attempt to differentiate between these two types of extreme values.

1. Scope

1.1 Reduction of the variability associated with average color or color-difference measurements of object-color specimens is achieved by statistical analysis of the results of multiple measurements on a single specimen, or by measurement of multiple specimens, whichever is appropriate.

1.2 This practice provides a means for the determination of the number of measurements required to reduce the variability to a predetermined fraction of the relevant color or color-difference tolerances.

1.3 This practice is general in scope rather than specific as to instrument or material.

2. Referenced Documents (purchase separately) The documents listed below are referenced within the subject standard but are not provided as part of the standard.

ASTM Standards

D2244 Practice for Calculation of Color Tolerances and Color Differences from Instrumentally Measured Color Coordinates

D3134 Practice for Establishing Color and Gloss Tolerances

E178 Practice for Dealing With Outlying Observations

E284 Terminology of Appearance

E308 Practice for Computing the Colors of Objects by Using the CIE System

E456 Terminology Relating to Quality and Statistics

E1164 Practice for Obtaining Spectrometric Data for Object-Color Evaluation

Other Standard

Keywords

color; color difference; color measurement; color tolerances; Color--paints/related coatings/materials; Instrumental measurement--color/light; Statistical methods--paints/related coatings; Tolerances--paints/related coatings/materials; Variability; Visual examination--color ;

ICS Code

ICS Number Code 17.180.20 (Colours and measurement of light)

DOI: 10.1520/E1345-98R08E01

ASTM International is a member of CrossRef.

ASTM E1345