1. Scope

1.1 This practice provides equations and nomographs, and a reference to a computer program, for calculating probabilities of detecting hot spots (that is, localized areas of soil or groundwater contamination) and buried objects using point-net (that is, grid) search patterns. Hot spots, more generally referred to as targets, are presumed to be invisible on the ground surface. Buried objects may include former surface impoundments, waste disposal pits, and utilities that have been covered by soil or paving materials. Hot spots may also include contaminant plumes in ground water or soil gas.

1.2 For purposes of calculating detection probabilities, hot spots or buried objects are presumed to be elliptically shaped when projected vertically to the ground surface, and search patterns are square, rectangular, or rhombic. Assumptions about the size and shape of suspected hot spots are the primary limitations of this practice, and must be judged by historical information. A further limitation is that hot spot boundaries are assumed to be clear and distinct. Alternative approaches to hot spot detection using discrete sampling should also be considered where feasible, such as surface geophysical measurements (see Guide D 6429).

1.3 Search sampling would normally be conducted during preliminary investigations of hazardous waste sites or hazardous waste management facilities (see Guide D 5730). Sampling may be conducted via drilling or by direct-push methods. In contrast, guidance on sampling for the purpose of making statistical inferences about population characteristics (for example, contaminant concentrations) can be found in Guide D 6311.

1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

2. Referenced Documents (purchase separately) The documents listed below are referenced within the subject standard but are not provided as part of the standard.

ASTM Standards

D5730 Guide for Site Characterization for Environmental Purposes With Emphasis on Soil, Rock, the Vadose Zone and Groundwater

D6051 Guide for Composite Sampling and Field Subsampling for Environmental Waste Management Activities

D6311 Guide for Generation of Environmental Data Related to Waste Management Activities: Selection and Optimization of Sampling Design

D6429 Guide for Selecting Surface Geophysical Methods

Keywords

preliminary investigation; sampling; site investigation; soil investigation; subsurface exploration; systematic sampling; Contamination--environmental; Contamination--soil; Contamination--water; Hot spots; Sampling; Site assessment/characterization; Subsurface investigations; Waste managment activities;

ICS Code

ICS Number Code 13.020.99 (Other standards related to environmental protection)

DOI: 10.1520/D6982-03

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