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Hurricane Ike in Texas and Louisiana: Building Performance Observations, Recommendations, and Technical Guidance, 2009
- Hurricane Ike in Texas and Louisiana [Go to Page]
- Inside cover
- Title Page
- Members of the Mitigation Assessment Team
- Executive Summary [Go to Page]
- Mitigation Assessment Team (MAT)
- Assessment Observations [Go to Page]
- Flood Damage
- Wind Damage
- Critical Facilities Damage
- Recommendations [Go to Page]
- Flood
- Wind
- Critical Facility
- Table of Contents
[Go to Page]
- List of Figures
- List of Tables
- Chapter 1:
Introduction [Go to Page]
- 1.1 Hurricane Ike – The Event [Go to Page]
- 1.1.1 Summary of Damage and Economic Loss
- 1.1.2 Timeline and History of Hurricane Ike
- 1.2 Coastal Flooding [Go to Page]
- 1.2.1 Shoreline Characteristics
- 1.2.2 Subsidence
- 1.2.3 Hurricane Ike High Water Marks
- 1.3 Wind Hazard Analysis and Discussion [Go to Page]
- 1.3.1 H*Wind
- 1.3.2 HAZUS-MH [Go to Page]
- Hurricane Ike Tornadoes
- 1.4 Historic Hurricanes [Go to Page]
- Hurricane Rita [Go to Page]
- Hurricane Katrina
- Hurricane Andrew
- Hurricane Alicia
- Hurricane Allen
- Hurricane Celia
- Hurricane Betsy
- Hurricane Carla
- Hurricane Audrey
- Great Galveston Hurricane
- Future Hurricanes
- 1.5 FEMA Mitigation Assessment Teams [Go to Page]
- 1.5.1 Purpose of the MAT
- 1.5.2 Team Composition
- 1.5.3 Methodology
- Chapter 2: Floodplain Management Regulations, Building Codes, and Standards [Go to Page]
- 2.1 Floodplain Management Regulations [Go to Page]
- 2.1.1 Flood Studies and Flood Maps [Go to Page]
- 2.1.1.1 Accuracy of Flood Insurance Studies and Flood Insurance Rate Maps
- 2.1.1.2 Implication of FIRMs on Rebuilding and Building Safety
- 2.1.1.3 Higher Regulatory Standards
- 2.2 Building Codes and Standards [Go to Page]
- 2.2.1.1 Flood Requirements in the IBC and the IRC [Go to Page]
- 2.2.1.2 Flood Requirements in ASCE 7-05
- 2.2.1.3 Flood Requirements in ASCE 24-05
- 2.2.1.4 Flood Requirements in Texas
- 2.2.1.5 Flood Requirements in Louisiana
- 2.2.2 Wind Requirements [Go to Page]
- 2.2.2.1 Wind Requirements in the IBC
- 2.2.2.2 Wind Requirements in Texas
- Example of Design Load Changes Over Time
- 2.2.2.3 Wind Requirements in Louisiana
- 2.2.3 HUD-Manufactured Housing Design Standards [Go to Page]
- 2.2.3.1 Manufactured Housing in Texas
- 2.2.3.2 Manufactured Housing in Louisiana
- 2.2.4 Galveston Residential Hurricane Resistance Study, 1990 [Go to Page]
- 2.2.4.1 Ike MAT Observations of Houses in the 1990 Galveston Study
- 2.2.4.2 MAT Summary of Findings Regarding the Galveston Study
- 2.3 Texas Windstorm Program [Go to Page]
- 2.3.1 Texas Department of Insurance
- 2.3.2 Basic Tenets of the Texas Windstorm Code
- 2.3.3 Texas Windstorm Program – Insights and Opinions
- 2.4 Enhanced Code Construction
- Chapter 3:
Performance of Residential Buildings (Flood and Wind), One- to Two-Family and Multi-Family [Go to Page]
- 3.1 Structural Performance [Go to Page]
- 3.1.1 Foundation Performance [Go to Page]
- 3.1.1.1 Foundation Function 1: Elevate the Building
- 3.1.1.2 Foundation Function 2: Resist Scour and Erosion
- 3.1.1.3 Foundation Function 3: Provide a Continuous Load Path to the Ground
- 3.1.1.4 Foundation Function 4: Resist Flood Loads
- 3.1.2 Main Wind Force Resisting System [Go to Page]
- 3.1.2.1 High Winds
- 3.1.2.2 Combination of Loads – MWFRS and C&C
- 3.1.2.3 Load Paths
- 3.1.3 Elevation and Freeboard
- 3.1.4 Siting Effects on Structural Performance
- 3.2 Envelope Damage [Go to Page]
- 3.2.1 Roof Systems [Go to Page]
- 3.2.1.1 Asphalt Shingles
- 3.2.1.2 Metal Panels
- 3.2.1.3 Tile
- 3.2.2 Non-Load-Bearing Walls and Wall Coverings [Go to Page]
- 3.2.2.1 Brick Veneer
- 3.2.2.2 Vinyl Siding
- 3.2.2.3 Fiber Cement Siding
- 3.2.2.4 Wood and Hardboard Siding
- 3.2.3 Doors
- 3.2.4 Windows and Shutters
- 3.2.5 Soffit and Roof Ventilation [Go to Page]
- 3.2.5.1 Soffits
- 3.2.5.2 Ridge Vents
- 3.2.5.3 Gable End Vents
- 3.2.6 Exterior-Mounted Equipment
- 3.3 Other Damage [Go to Page]
- 3.3.1 Breakaway Walls
- 3.3.2 Sheathing on the Underside of Elevated Buildings
- 3.3.3 Parking Slabs and Grade Beams
- 3.3.4 Mold and Contamination
- 3.3.5 Other Issues and Problems
- 3.4 Manufactured Housing [Go to Page]
- 3.4.1 Texas
- 3.4.2 Louisiana [Go to Page]
- 3.4.2.1 Cameron and Vermilion Parishes
- 3.4.2.2 Jefferson Parish
- 3.4.2.3 Lafourche Parish
- 3.4.2.4 Manufactured Home Anchoring and Support Systems
- 3.5 Mitigation Projects
- Chapter 4:
Performance of Critical Facilities [Go to Page]
- Special Flood-Related Provisions for Critical Facilities [Go to Page]
- Special Wind-Related Provisions for Critical Facilities
- 4.1 Schools/Shelters [Go to Page]
- 4.1.1 Crenshaw Elementary and Middle School (Port Bolivar, TX)
- 4.1.2 South Cameron Parish High School (Grand Chenier, LA)
- 4.1.3 Johnson's Bayou School (Cameron, LA)
- 4.2 Hospitals/Health Centers [Go to Page]
- 4.2.1 San Jacinto Methodist Hospital (Baytown, TX)
- 4.2.2 Winnie Community Hospital (Winnie, TX)
- 4.2.3 University of Texas Medical Branch (Galveston, TX)
- 4.2.4 South Cameron Parish Hospital (Cameron, LA)
- 4.2.5 Hackberry Rural Medical Clinic (Hackberry, LA)
- 4.2.6 Oceanview Transitional Care Center (Texas City, TX)
- 4.3 First Responder Facilities (Police/Fire/EOC) [Go to Page]
- 4.3.1 Houston Transtar – Regional EOC (Houston, TX)
- 4.3.2 Deer Park Police Station (Deer Park, TX)
- 4.3.3 Port Neches Fire Station (Port Neches, TX)
- 4.3.4 High Island Fire Station (High Island, TX)
- 4.3.5 Louisiana Fire Stations
- 4.4 Other Government Buildings [Go to Page]
- 4.4.1 U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Administration Building (Galveston, TX)
- 4.4.2 Federal Courthouse and Post Office (Galveston, TX)
- 4.4.3 Tiki Island City Hall (Tiki Island, TX)
- 4.4.4 Terrebonne Parish Criminal Justice Complex (Houma, LA)
- Chapter 5: Performance of Buildings in Houston's Central Business District [Go to Page]
- 5.1 Areas Outside Clusters A and B
- 5.2 Cluster A – JP Morgan Chase Area [Go to Page]
- 5.2.2 Granite Veneer
- 5.2.3 Roof Systems and Rooftop Equipment
- 5.2.4 Nearby Building Performance
- 5.3 Cluster B – Chevron Center Area [Go to Page]
- 5.3.1 Glazing
- 5.3.2 Roof Systems and Rooftop Equipment
- 5.3.3 Damage at Nearby Buildings
- 5.4 Vegetative Roofs
- Chapter 6: Conclusions [Go to Page]
- 6.1 Residential [Go to Page]
- 6.1.1 Flood
- 6.1.2 Wind
- 6.2 Critical Facilities [Go to Page]
- 6.2.1 Flood
- 6.2.2 Wind
- 6.3 Houston's Central Business District
- Chapter 7:
Recommendations [Go to Page]
- 7.1 Residential [Go to Page]
- 7.1.1 Flood
- 7.1.2 Wind
- 7.2 Critical Facilities [Go to Page]
- 7.2.1 Flood
- 7.2.2 Wind
- 7.3 Further Studies and Standards Revisions [Go to Page]
- 7.3.1 Flood
- 7.3.2 Wind
- 7.3.3 Critical Facilities
- Chapter 8:
Planning for a Sustainable Coast [Go to Page]
- 8.1 Geologic Hazards and Coastal Communities [Go to Page]
- 8.1.1 Geologic Hazards That Threaten Coastal Communities [Go to Page]
- 8.1.1.1 Subsidence and Relative Sea-Level Rise
- 8.1.1.2 Shoreline Erosion
- 8.1.1.3 Dunes and Wetland Loss
- 8.1.2 Discussion of Conflicts Between Coastal Communities and Geological Hazards
- 8.2 Existing Planning Resources and Programs [Go to Page]
- 8.2.1 Texas [Go to Page]
- Coastal Erosion Program and Coastal Texas 2020 Report
- Geohazards Map Program
- 8.2.2 Louisiana [Go to Page]
- Coast 2050: Toward a Sustainable Coastal Louisiana
- Coastal Wetlands Planning, Protection and Restoration Act
- Coalition to Restore Coastal Louisiana
- 8.2.3 Nationwide Initiatives [Go to Page]
- Smart Growth
- Historic Preservation
- 8.3 Recommendations for Rebuilding After Ike [Go to Page]
- 8.3.1 Specific to Local Communities [Go to Page]
- Sustainable Land Use Planning Recommendations
- Protection of the Natural Environment
- 8.3.2 General Recommendations – State Level
- 8.3.3 General Recommendations – Federal Level
- Appendix A: Acknowledgments
- Appendix B: References and FEMA Publication List
- Appendix C:
Acronyms and Glossary [Go to Page]
- Acronyms
- A
- B
- C
- D
- E
- F
- G
- H
- I
- L
- M
- N
- O
- P
- S
- T
- U
- V
- W
- Glossary
- Appendix D: Hurricane Ike Recovery Advisories
[Go to Page]
- Attachment of Brick Veneer in High-Wind Regions
- Design and Construction in Coastal A Zones
- Designing for Flood Levels Above the BFE
- Enclosures and Breakaway Walls
- Erosion, Scour, and Foundation Design
- Minimizing Water Intrusion Through Roof Vents in High-Wind Regions
- Metal Roof Systems in High-Wind Regions
- Siding Installation in High-Wind Regions
- Appendix E:
High Water Marks [Go to Page]
- High Water Marks in Texas
- High Water Marks in Louisiana [Go to Page]
