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eLibrary > Design Guide for Improving School Safety in Earthquakes, Floods and High Winds >

Design Guide for Improving School Safety in Earthquakes, Floods and High Winds, 2004

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Design Guide for Improving School Safety in Earthquakes, Floods and High Winds, 2004

FEMA P-424: Design Guide for Improving Safety in Earthquakes, Floods, and High Winds [Go to Page]
Title Page
Foreword and Acknowledgments [Go to Page]
Background
Scope
Organization and Content of the Manual
Acknowledgments [Go to Page]
Principal Authors:
FEMA Contributors:
Reviewers and Contributors:
Table of Contents [Go to Page]
Figures
Tables
Chapter 1: An Overview of the School Design and Construction Process [Go to Page]
1.1 Introduction
1.2 School Construction: The National Picture
1.3 Past School Design
1.4 Present School Design
1.5 Future School Design
1.6 The Design and Construction Process
1.7 References
Chapter 2: Performance-Based Design [Go to Page]
2.1 Background
2.2 Prescriptive vs. Performance-Based Design
2.3 The Performance-Based Design Process
2.4 Acceptable Risk and Performance Levels
2.5 Considerations For Achieving Continuous Operation Performance Level
2.6 Performance-Based Flood Design
2.7 Performance-Based High-Wind Design
2.8 Performance-Based Seismic Design [Go to Page]
Operational Building Performance Level (1-A)
Immediate Occupancy Building Performance Level (1-B)
Life Safety Building Performance Level (3-C)
Collapse Prevention Building Performance Level (5-E)
2.9 References
Chapter 3: Multihazard Design [Go to Page]
3.1 Introduction
3.2 The Hazards Compared [Go to Page]
3.2.1 Location: Where do Hazards Occur?
3.2.2 Warning: How Much Warning is There?
3.2.3 Frequency: How Likely are They to Occur?
3.3 A Comparison of Potential Losses
3.4 Fire and Life Safety
3.5 Multihazard Design Interactions
3.6 References
Chapter 4: Making Schools Safe From Earthquakes [Go to Page]
4.1 Introduction
4.2 The Nature and Probability of Earthquakes [Go to Page]
4.2.1 Earthquakes and Other Geologic Hazards
4.2.2 Earthquakes: A National Problem
4.2.3 Common Measures of Earthquakes
4.2.4 Determination of Local Earthquake Hazards
4.3 Vulnerability: What Earthquakes Can Do to Schools [Go to Page]
4.3.1 Vulnerability of Schools
4.3.2 Earthquake Damage to Schools
4.3.3 Significant School Damage in U.S. Earthquakes
4.3.4 Consequences: Casualties, Financial Loss, and Operational Disruption
4.4 Scope, Effectiveness, and Limitations of Codes [Go to Page]
4.4.1 The Background of Seismic Provisions in Building Codes
4.4.2 Seismic Codes and Schools
4.4.3 The Effectiveness of Seismic Codes
4.5 Evaluating Existing Schools for Seismic Risk and Specific Risk Reduction Methods [Go to Page]
4.5.1 Rapid Visual Screening
4.5.2 Systems Checklist for School Seismic Safety Evaluation
4.5.3 Seismic Evaluation of Existing Buildings
4.6 Earthquake Risk Reduction Methods [Go to Page]
4.6.1 Risk Reduction for New Schools
4.6.2 Risk Reduction for Existing Schools
4.7 The School as a Post-Earthquake Shelter
4.8 References and Sources of Additional Information
4.9 Glossary of Earthquake Terms
Chapter 5: Making Schools Safe From Flooding [Go to Page]
5.1 General Design Considerations [Go to Page]
5.1.1 The Nature of Flooding
5.1.2 Probability of Occurrence or Frequency
5.1.3 Flood Characteristics and Loads [Go to Page]
5.1.3.1 Hydrostatic Loads
5.1.3.2 Hydrodynamic Loads
5.1.3.3 Debris Impact Loads
5.1.3.4 Erosion and Local Scour
5.1.4 Design Parameters [Go to Page]
5.1.4.1 Flood Depth
5.1.4.3 Flood Velocity—Riverine
5.1.4.4 Flood Velocity—Coastal
5.1.5 Flood Hazard Maps and Zones [Go to Page]
5.1.5.1 NFIP Flood Maps
5.1.5.2 NFIP Flood Zones
5.1.5.3 Coastal A Zones
5.1.6 Floodplain Management Requirements and Building Codes [Go to Page]
5.1.6.1 Overview of the NFIP
5.1.6.2 Summary of the NFIP Minimum Requirements
5.1.6.3 Executive Order 11988 and Critical Facilities
5.1.6.4 Model Building Codes and Standards
5.2 Schools Exposed to Flooding [Go to Page]
5.2.1 Identifying Flood Hazards at School Sites
5.2.2 Vulnerability: What Flooding Can Do to Existing Schools [Go to Page]
5.2.2.1 Site Damage
5.2.2.2 Structural Damage
5.2.2.3 Nonstructural Damage
5.2.2.4 Utility System Damage
5.2.2.5 Contents Damage
5.3 Requirements and Best Practices in Flood Hazard Areas [Go to Page]
5.3.1 Evaluating Risk and Avoiding Flood Hazards
5.3.2 Benefits and Costs: Determining Acceptable Risk
5.3.3 Site Modifications
5.3.4 Elevation Considerations
5.3.5 Dry Floodproofing Considerations
5.3.6 Flood Damage-Resistant Materials
5.3.7 Access Roads
5.3.8 Utility Installations
5.3.9 Potable Water and Wastewater Systems
5.3.10 Storage Tank Installations
5.3.11 Accessory Structures
5.4 Risk Reduction for Existing Schools [Go to Page]
5.4.1 Introduction
5.4.2 Site Modifications
5.4.3 Additions
5.4.4 Repairs, Renovations, and Upgrades
5.4.5 Retrofit Dry Floodproofing
5.4.6 Utility Installations
5.4.7 Potable Water and Wastewater Systems
5.4.8 Other Damage Reduction Measures
5.4.9 Drainage Improvements
5.4.10 Emergency Measures
5.5 Schools as Emergency Shelters and Safe Rooms
5.6 Checklist for Vulnerability of Floodprone Sites and Schools
5.7 References and Sources of Additional Information
5.8 Glossary of Flood Protection Terms
Chapter 6: Making Schools Safe From High Winds [Go to Page]
6.1 General Design Considerations [Go to Page]
6.1.1 Nature of High Winds
6.1.2 Probability of Occurrence
6.1.3 Wind/Building Interactions
6.1.4 Building Codes [Go to Page]
6.1.4.1 Scope of Building Codes
6.1.4.2 Effectiveness and Limitations of Building Codes
6.2 Schools Exposed to High Winds [Go to Page]
6.2.1 Vulnerability: What High Winds Can Do to Schools [Go to Page]
6.2.1.1 Types of Building Damage
6.2.1.2 Ramification of Damage
6.2.2 Priorities, Costs, And Benefits: New Schools [Go to Page]
6.2.2.1 Priorities
6.2.2.2 Cost, Budgeting, and Benefits
6.2.3 Priorities, Costs, and Benefits: Existing Schools [Go to Page]
6.2.3.1 Priorities
6.2.3.2 Cost, Budgeting, and Benefits
6.2.4 Evaluating Schools for Risk from High Winds [Go to Page]
6.2.4.1 New Buildings
6.2.4.2 Existing Buildings
6.2.4.3 Portable Classrooms
6.3 Requirements and Best Practices in High-Wind Regions [Go to Page]
6.3.1 General School Design Considerations [Go to Page]
6.3.1.1 Site
6.3.1.2 School Design
6.3.1.3 Construction Contract Administration
6.3.1.4 Post-Occupancy Inspections, Periodic Maintenance, Repair, and Replacement
6.3.1.5 Site and General Design Considerations in Hurricane-Prone Regions
6.3.2 Structural Systems [Go to Page]
6.3.2.1 Design Parameters for Structural Systems
6.3.2.2 Design Parameters for Structural Systems in Hurricane-Prone Regions
6.3.3 Building Envelope [Go to Page]
6.3.3.1 Exterior Doors
6.3.3.2 Windows and Skylights
6.3.3.3 Windows and Skylights in Hurricane-Prone Regions
6.3.3.4 Non-Load-Bearing Walls, Wall Coverings, and Soffits
6.3.3.5 Non-Load-Bearing Walls, Wall Coverings, and Soffits in Hurricane-Prone Regions
6.3.3.6 Roof Systems
6.3.3.7 Roof Systems in Hurricane-Prone Regions
6.3.4 Nonstructural Systems and Equipment [Go to Page]
6.3.4.1 Exterior-Mounted Mechanical Equipment
6.3.4.2 Nonstructural Systems and Mechanical Equipment in Hurricane-Prone Regions
6.3.4.3 Exterior-Mounted Electrical and Communications Equipment
6.3.4.4 Lightning Protection Systems in Hurricane-Prone Regions
6.3.5 Municipal Utilities In Hurricane-Prone Regions [Go to Page]
6.3.5.1 Electrical Power
6.3.5.2 Water Service
6.3.5.3 Sewer Service
6.3.6 Post-Design Considerations in Hurricane-Prone Regions [Go to Page]
6.3.6.1 Construction Contract Administration
6.3.6.2 Periodic Inspections, Maintenance, and Repair
6.4 Remedial Work on Existing Facilities [Go to Page]
6.4.1 Structural Systems
6.4.2 Building Envelope [Go to Page]
6.4.2.1 Windows and Skylights
6.4.2.2 Non-Load-Bearing Walls, Wall Coverings, and Soffits
6.4.2.3 Roof Coverings
6.4.3 Exterior-Mounted Equipment [Go to Page]
6.4.3.1 HVAC Units, Condensers, Fans, Exhaust Stacks, and Ductwork
6.4.3.2 Antenna (Communications Mast)
6.4.3.3 Lightning Protection Systems
6.5 Occupant Protection Best Practices in Tornado- and Hurricane-Prone Regions
6.6 Checklist For Building Vulnerability of Schools Exposed to High Winds
6.7 References and Sources of Additional Information
6.8 Glossary of High Wind Protection Terms
Appendix A: Acronyms [Go to Page]

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