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eLibrary > PD IEC TS 62344:2022 Design of earth electrode stations for high-voltage direct current (HVDC) links. General guidelines >

PD IEC TS 62344:2022 Design of earth electrode stations for high-voltage direct current (HVDC) links. General guidelines, 2023

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PD IEC TS 62344:2022 Design of earth electrode stations for high-voltage direct current (HVDC) links. General guidelines, 2023

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CONTENTS
FOREWORD
INTRODUCTION
1 Scope
2 Normative references
3 Terms and definitions
4 System conditions [Go to Page]
4.1 General principles
4.2 System parameters related to earth electrode design [Go to Page]
4.2.1 Amplitude and duration of the current
4.2.2 Polarity
4.2.3 Designed lifespan
4.2.4 Common earth electrodes
5 Design of land electrode stations [Go to Page]
5.1 Main technical parameters [Go to Page]
5.1.1 General principles
5.1.2 Temperature rise
5.1.3 Earthing resistance
5.1.4 Step voltage
5.1.5 Touch voltage
5.1.6 Current density
5.1.7 Field intensity in fish ponds
5.2 Electrode site selection and parameter measurement [Go to Page]
5.2.1 General principles
5.2.2 Data collection survey
5.2.3 Distance from converter station (substation)
5.2.4 Environment conditions, terrain and landform
5.2.5 Geophysical and geological surveys
5.2.6 Topographical map
5.2.7 Values selected during design
5.3 Earth electrode and associated components [Go to Page]
5.3.1 General principles for material selection
5.3.2 Selection of electrode elements and characteristics
5.3.3 Chemical and physical properties of petroleum coke
5.3.4 Current-guiding system
5.3.5 Bus
Tables [Go to Page]
Table 1 – Composition of iron-silicon alloy electrode
Table 2 – Chemical composition of the petroleum coke after calcination
Table 3 – Physical properties of petroleum coke used for earth electrodes [Go to Page]
5.3.6 Electrode line and its monitoring device
5.4 Electrode arrangement [Go to Page]
5.4.1 General principles
5.4.2 Filling coke
5.4.3 Selection of earth electrode shape
Figures [Go to Page]
Figure 1 – Electrode cross-section [Go to Page]
5.4.4 Earth electrode corridor (right of way)
5.4.5 Distance between sub-electrodes in the arrangement
5.4.6 Burial depth of the earth electrodes
Figure 2 – Vertical arrangement [Go to Page]
5.4.7 Segmentation of earth electrodes
5.5 Minimum size of earth electrode [Go to Page]
5.5.1 General principles
5.5.2 Total earth electrode length
5.5.3 Area of the surface of the coke-soil interface
5.5.4 Diameter of electrode elements
5.6 Current guiding system [Go to Page]
5.6.1 General principles
5.6.2 Placement of the current-guiding wire
Table 4 – Electric corrosion characteristics of different materials [Go to Page]
5.6.3 Connection of current-guiding wire
5.6.4 Selection of current-guiding wire cross-section
5.6.5 Insulation of the current-guiding wire
5.6.6 Disconnecting switch
Figure 3 – Placement of the current-guiding wire [Go to Page]
5.6.7 Connection of the feeding cable
5.6.8 Connection of jumper cables
5.6.9 Selection of cable structure
5.6.10 Selection of cable cross-section
Figure 4 – Feeding cable [Go to Page]
5.6.11 Selection of cable insulation
5.6.12 Cable welding position
5.6.13 Welding
5.6.14 Mechanical protection for cable
5.7 Auxiliary facilities [Go to Page]
5.7.1 Online monitoring
5.7.2 Moisture replenishment
5.7.3 Exhaust equipment
5.7.4 Fence
5.7.5 Marker
6 Design of sea electrode station and shore electrode station [Go to Page]
6.1 Main technical parameters [Go to Page]
6.1.1 General
6.1.2 Temperature rise
6.1.3 Earthing resistance
6.1.4 Step voltage
6.1.5 Touch voltage
6.1.6 Voltage gradient in water
6.1.7 Current density
6.2 Electrode site selection and parameter measurement [Go to Page]
6.2.1 General principles
6.2.2 Data collection survey
6.2.3 Distance from converter station (substation)
6.2.4 Environment conditions
6.2.5 Measurement of ground/water parameters
6.3 Earth electrode and associated components [Go to Page]
6.3.1 General principles for material selection
6.3.2 Common electrode elements and characteristics
6.3.3 Chemical properties of petroleum coke
6.3.4 Current-guiding system
6.3.5 Bus
6.3.6 Electrode line monitoring device
6.4 Electrode arrangement [Go to Page]
6.4.1 General principles
6.4.2 Filling coke
6.4.3 Selection of earth electrode shape
Figure 5 – Sea electrode [Go to Page]
6.4.4 Segmentation of earth electrodes
6.5 Current-guiding system [Go to Page]
6.5.1 Placement of the current-guiding wire
6.5.2 Connection of current-guiding system
Figure 6 – Sea bottom electrode with titanium nets [Go to Page]
6.5.3 Selection of cable cross-section
6.5.4 Insulation of the current-guiding system
6.5.5 Selection of cable structure
6.5.6 Mechanical protection for cable
6.6 Auxiliary facilities
7 Impact on surrounding facilities and mitigation measures [Go to Page]
7.1 Impact on insulated metallic structures and mitigation measures [Go to Page]
7.1.1 General principles
Figure 7 – Titanium net [Go to Page]
7.1.2 Relevant limits
7.1.3 Mitigation measures
7.2 Impact on bare metallic structures [Go to Page]
7.2.1 General principles
7.2.2 Relevant limits
7.2.3 Mitigation measures
7.3 Impact on the power system (power transformer, grounding network, and surrounding towers) [Go to Page]
7.3.1 General principles
7.3.2 Relevant limits
7.3.3 Mitigation measures
7.4 Impact on electrified railway
7.5 Other facilities (such as greenhouses and water pipes)
Figure 8 – Impact of earth electrodes on AC systems (transformer, grounding network, tower)
Annexes [Go to Page]
Annex A (informative) Basic concepts of earth electrodes [Go to Page]
A.1 Basic concepts
A.2 Operation mode [Go to Page]
A.2.1 General
A.2.2 Monopolar system
Figure A.1 – HVDC power transmission system structure [Go to Page]
[Go to Page]
A.2.3 Bipolar system
Figure A.2 – Schematic diagram of monopolar earth/sea water return system
Figure A.3 – Schematic diagram of monopolar dedicated metallic return system
Figure A.4 – Schematic diagram of bipolar earth/sea water system
Figure A.5 – Schematic diagram of rigid bipolar system [Go to Page]
[Go to Page]
A.2.4 Symmetric unbalanced system
A.2.5 Back-to-back converter station
A.3 Dangerous impact and accumulated impact [Go to Page]
A.3.1 General
A.3.2 Safety risks of DC earth electrode
Figure A.6 – Schematic diagram of bipolar dedicated metallic return system
Figure A.7 – Schematic diagram of touch voltage and step voltage
Figure A.8 – Schematic diagram of single circular earth electrode
Figure A.9 – Axial distribution of step voltage of single circular earth electrode
Figure A.10 – 3-D distribution of step voltage of single circular earth electrode
Figure A.11 – Schematic diagram of double circular earth electrode
Figure A.12 – Axial distribution of step voltage of double circular earth electrode
Figure A.13 – 3-D distribution of step voltage of double circular earth electrode
Figure A.14 – Schematic diagram of triple circular earth electrode [Go to Page]
[Go to Page]
A.3.3 Accumulated effect of DC earth electrodes
Figure A.15 – Axial distribution of step voltage of triple circular earth electrode
Figure A.16 – 3-D distribution of step voltage of triple circular earth electrode [Go to Page]
A.4 Impact on an AC grid [Go to Page]
A.4.1 General
A.4.2 DC current path to AC system
A.4.3 DC magnetic bias of AC transformer
Annex B (informative) Earth electrode design process [Go to Page]
B.1 Site selection process
Figure B.1 – Flow chart of earth electrode site selection process [Go to Page]
B.2 Earth electrode design process
Figure B.2 – Flow chart of earth electrode process
Annex C (informative) Test results of human body resistance [Go to Page]
C.1 Basic information of test subjects
Figure C.1 – Age distribution of test samples
Figure C.2 – Height distribution of test samples [Go to Page]
C.2 Test method
C.3 Test results
Figure C.3 – Weight distribution of test samples
Figure C.4 – Schematic diagram of test circuit
Figure C.5 – Histogram of foot-to-foot human body resistance distribution
Table C.1 – Statistical test results (foot-to-foot body resistance)
Figure C.6 – Cumulative probability distribution of foot-to-foot body resistance by occupation
Table C.2 – Cumulative probability distribution of foot-to-foot human body resistance
Annex D (informative) Soil parameter measurement method [Go to Page]
D.1 General requirements
Table D.1 – Soil (rock) / Water resistivity [Go to Page]
D.2 Measurement of resistivity of shallow ground [Go to Page]
D.2.1 Measurement method of resistivity
Table D.2 – Soil volume thermal capacity
Table D.3 – Soil thermal conductivity
Figure D.1 – Equivalent circuit of Wenner method
Figure D.2 – Equivalent circuit of Schlumberger method [Go to Page]
[Go to Page]
D.2.2 Measurement requirements
Figure D.3 – Equivalent circuit of dipole-dipole method [Go to Page]
[Go to Page]
D.2.3 Measurement range
D.2.4 Data accuracy
D.2.5 Seasonal coefficient
D.2.6 Processing of measurement data
D.3 Measurement of resistivity of deep soil (MT method)
Table D.4 – Number of measurement points with different potential probes spacing [Go to Page]
D.4 Measurement of soil volume thermal capacity
D.5 Measurement of soil thermal conductivity
D.6 Measurement of maximum natural temperature of soil
D.7 Measurement of soil moisture and groundwater table
D.8 Measurement of soil chemical characteristics
D.9 Geological exploration
D.10 Topographical map
Annex E (informative) Electrode line design [Go to Page]
E.1 Overview
E.2 Main design principles
E.3 Selection and layout of conductor and earth wire [Go to Page]
E.3.1 Selection of conductor
E.3.2 Selection of earth wire
E.3.3 Layout of conductor and earth wire
E.4 Insulation coordination and earthing for lightning protection [Go to Page]
E.4.1 Type and number of insulators
E.4.2 Arcing horn gap
E.4.3 Earthing for lightning protection
E.5 Other considerations
Annex F (informative) Assessment of measurement method [Go to Page]
F.1 General guidance
F.2 Experiment (testing) items [Go to Page]
F.2.1 Visual inspection of the earth electrode
F.2.2 Current guiding system current distribution measurement
F.2.3 Measurement of earthing resistance
F.2.4 Measurement of step voltage on the ground and potential gradient in water near the earth electrode
F.2.5 Measurement of touch voltage
F.2.6 Measurement of soil surface potential profile
F.2.7 Measurement of earth electrode temperature rise
Annex G (informative) Earth electrode electrical parameter calculation method [Go to Page]
G.1 General
G.2 Network method calculation model for DC earth electrode
G.3 Moment method calculation model for DC earth electrodes
Figure G.1 – π shape equivalent circuit of an individual earth electrode unit
Figure G.2 – Ohm’s law applied to cylinder conductor
Figure G.3 – Continuity of axial component of the electric field in the soil and in the conductor
Figure G.4 – Spatial division of the earth electrode
Figure G.5 – Network for solving axis current
Figure G.6 – Horizontally layered soil [Go to Page]
G.4 Finite element method calculation model for DC earth electrodes
Figure G.7 – Geometrical structure of a tetrahedron unit [Go to Page]
G.5 Calculation of earthing resistance, step voltage, touch voltage, electric field intensity and current density [Go to Page]
G.5.1 General
G.5.2 Calculation of earthing resistance
G.5.3 Calculation of step voltage
G.5.4 Calculation of touch voltage
G.5.5 Calculation of electric field intensity
G.5.6 Calculation of current density
G.6 Application description [Go to Page]
G.6.1 Original parameters
G.6.2 Example using the moment method
Figure G.8 – Structure of a double-circle DC earth electrode
Table G.1 – Model of soil with two layers
Figure G.9 – Ground potential and step voltage distribution of a double-circle earth electrode
Annex H (informative) Thermal time constant
Figure H.1 – Earth electrode temperature rise characteristics
Annex I (informative) Online monitoring system [Go to Page]
I.1 Schematic diagram of online monitoring system
I.2 Composition of online monitoring system
Figure I.1 – Schematic diagram of earth electrode online monitoring system
Annex J (informative) Calculation method for corrosion of nearby metal structures caused by earth electrodes [Go to Page]
J.1 Consumption of metal structure due to corrosion
J.2 Estimate of leakage current in metal pipes
J.3 Calculation of the leakage current of the metal pipe
Figure J.1 – Calculation of current flowing through a metal pipe
Annex K (informative) Calculation method for DC current flowing through AC transformer neutral near earth electrodes
Figure K.1 – Schematic diagram of ground resistance network and underground voltage source
Figure K.2 – Circuit model for the analysis of DC distribution of AC systems
Annex L (informative) Chemical processes in sea electrodes
Annex M (informative) Simple introduction of shore electrodes [Go to Page]
M.1 General
M.2 Beach electrodes
M.3 Pond electrodes
Figure M.1 – Top view of shore electrode, beach type
Figure M.2 – Shore electrode, pond type
Bibliography [Go to Page]

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PD IEC TS 62344:2022 Design of earth electrode stations for high-voltage direct current (HVDC) links. General guidelines, 2023

⨯To continue with accurate pricing,
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