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eLibrary > BS EN IEC 63461:2024 Pelton hydraulic turbines. Model acceptance tests >

BS EN IEC 63461:2024 Pelton hydraulic turbines. Model acceptance tests, 2024

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BS EN IEC 63461:2024 Pelton hydraulic turbines. Model acceptance tests, 2024

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Annex ZA (normative)Normative references to international publicationswith their corresponding European publications [Go to Page]
English [Go to Page]
CONTENTS
FOREWORD
1 Scope
2 Normative references
3 Terms, definitions, symbols and units [Go to Page]
3.1 General
3.2 Terms and definitions
3.3 Units
3.4 Terms, definitions, symbols and units [Go to Page]
3.4.1 List by topics
3.4.2 Subscripts and symbols
3.4.3 Geometry
Figures [Go to Page]
Figure 1 – Schematic representation of a Pelton machine [Go to Page]
3.4.4 Physical quantities and properties
Figure 2 – Reference diameter and bucket width [Go to Page]
3.4.5 Discharge, velocity and speed
3.4.6 Pressure
3.4.7 Specific energy
3.4.8 Height and head
Figure 3 – Reference level of a Pelton machine [Go to Page]
3.4.9 Power and torque
Figure 4 – Flux diagram for power [Go to Page]
3.4.10 Efficiency
3.4.11 Fluctuating quantities
Figure 5 – Illustration of some definitions related to oscillating quantities [Go to Page]
3.4.12 Fluid dynamics and scaling
3.4.13 Dimensionless terms and definitions
3.4.14 Additional performance data
4 Physical properties [Go to Page]
4.1 General
4.2 Acceleration due to gravity
4.3 Physical properties of water [Go to Page]
4.3.1 Density of water
Figure 6 – Acceleration due to gravity g (m s-2)
Tables [Go to Page]
Table 1 – Coefficients of the Herbst and Roegener formula [Go to Page]
4.3.2 Kinematic viscosity
4.3.3 Vapour pressure
Figure 7 – Density of distilled water ρwd (kg  m−3)
4.4 Physical conditions of atmosphere [Go to Page]
4.4.1 Density of dry air
4.4.2 Ambient pressure
4.5 Density of mercury
5 Requirements of tests [Go to Page]
5.1 Requirement of test installation and model [Go to Page]
5.1.1 Choice of laboratory
5.1.2 Test installation
5.1.3 Model requirements
Figure 8 – Example for homology limits for wetted parts of a vertical Pelton turbine
Figure 9 – Example for homology limit for wetted parts of a horizontal Pelton turbine
5.2 Dimensional check of model and prototype [Go to Page]
5.2.1 General
5.2.2 Explanation of terms used for model and prototype
5.2.3 Purpose of dimensional checks
5.2.4 General rules
5.2.5 Procedure
Figure 10 – Procedure for dimensional checks, comparison of results "steel to steel"and application of tolerances for model and prototype [Go to Page]
5.2.6 Methods
Figure 11 – Pelton turbine: example of dimensions to be checked on the distributor and the housing of vertical and horizontal shaft machines
Figure 12 – Pelton turbine: example of dimensions to be checked on the buckets and nozzles [Go to Page]
5.2.7 Accuracy of measurements
5.2.8 Dimensions of model and prototype to be checked
5.2.9 Permissible maximum deviations in geometrical similarity between prototype and model
Table 2 – Permissible maximum deviations [Go to Page]
5.2.10 Surface waviness and roughness
Figure 13 – Definition of waviness and surface roughness
5.3 Test procedures [Go to Page]
5.3.1 Organization of tests
Table 3 – Maximum recommended prototype surface roughness Ra [Go to Page]
5.3.2 Inspections and calibrations
5.3.3 Execution of tests
5.3.4 Faults and repetition of tests
5.3.5 Preliminary test report
5.3.6 Final test report
6 Data acquisition [Go to Page]
6.1 Data acquisition and data processing [Go to Page]
6.1.1 General
6.1.2 General requirements
6.1.3 Data acquisition
Figure 14 – Time multiplexing data acquisition system
Figure 15 – Bus operated data acquisition system [Go to Page]
6.1.4 Component requirements
Figure 16 – Time delay
Figure 17 – Typical low-pass filter attenuation characteristics [Go to Page]
6.1.5 Check of the data acquisition system
Figure 18 – Different measurement chains and their recommended checkpoints
6.2 Data acquisition and processing for measurement of fluctuating quantities [Go to Page]
6.2.1 General
6.2.2 Data acquisition
Figure 19 – Typical data acquisition system
Figure 20 – Frequency response of analogue anti-aliasing filter [Go to Page]
6.2.3 Data processing
6.3 Error analysis [Go to Page]
6.3.1 Definitions
6.3.2 Determination of uncertainties in model tests
Figure 21 – Example of calibration curve
Table 4 – Summary of errors that determine total measurement uncertainty
7 Methods of measurement [Go to Page]
7.1 Discharge measurement [Go to Page]
7.1.1 General
7.1.2 Choice of the method of measurement
7.1.3 Accuracy of measurement
7.1.4 Primary methods
7.1.5 Secondary methods
7.2 Pressure measurement [Go to Page]
7.2.1 General
7.2.2 Choice of pressure-measuring section
7.2.3 Pressure taps and connecting lines
Figure 22 – Examples of pressure taps
Figure 23 – Types of pressure manifolds [Go to Page]
7.2.4 Apparatus for pressure measurement
Table 5 – Examples of experimental setup of liquid column manometers
Figure 24 – Dead weight manometer with compensation by pressure or force transducer (example of experimental set-up)
Figure 25 – Pressure weighbeam (example of experimental set-up) [Go to Page]
7.2.5 Calibration of pressure measurement apparatus
7.2.6 Vacuum measurements
7.2.7 Uncertainty in pressure measurements
7.3 Free water level measurement (see also ISO 4373) [Go to Page]
7.3.1 General
7.3.2 Choice of water level measuring sections
7.3.3 Number of measuring points in a measuring section
7.3.4 Measuring methods
Figure 26 – Stilling well [Go to Page]
7.3.5 Uncertainty in free water level measurement
Figure 27 – Point and hook gauges
7.4 Shaft torque measurement [Go to Page]
7.4.1 General
7.4.2 Methods of torque measurement
7.4.3 Methods of absorbing/generating power
7.4.4 Layout of arrangement
Figure 28 – Balance arrangement
Table 6 – Nomenclature for Figure 28 to Figure 33
Figure 29 – Balance arrangement with two separate frames
Figure 30 – Arrangement with machine bearings and seals not in balance
Figure 31 – Arrangement using a torquemeter
Figure 32 – Arrangement using a torquemeter with machine bearings and seals in balance [Go to Page]
7.4.5 Checking of system
Figure 33 – Arrangement using a torquemeter with machine bearings and seals not in balance [Go to Page]
7.4.6 Calibration
7.4.7 Uncertainty in torque measurement (at a confidence level of 95 %)
7.5 Rotational speed measurement [Go to Page]
7.5.1 General
7.5.2 Methods of speed measurement
7.5.3 Checking
7.5.4 Uncertainty of measurement
8 Test execution and results [Go to Page]
8.1 General
8.2 Determination of E [Go to Page]
8.2.1 General
8.2.2 Determination of the specific hydraulic energy E
Figure 34 – Example showing main elevations, heights and reference levels of the test rig and model machine [Go to Page]
8.2.3 Simplified formulae for E
8.3 Determination of power and efficiency [Go to Page]
8.3.1 Hydraulic power
Figure 35 – Pelton turbines with horizontal axis: determination of specific hydraulic energy of the machine [Go to Page]
8.3.2 Mechanical power
8.3.3 Hydraulic efficiency
8.4 Hydraulic similitude [Go to Page]
8.4.1 Theoretical basic requirements and similitude numbers
8.4.2 Conditions for hydraulic similitude as used in this document
Table 7 – Similitude numbers [Go to Page]
8.4.3 Similitude requirements for various types of model tests
8.4.4 Reynolds similitude
8.4.5 Froude similitude
8.4.6 Other similitude conditions - Weber number
Table 8 – Similitude requirements for various types of model tests
8.5 Test conditions [Go to Page]
8.5.1 Determination of test conditions
8.5.2 Minimum values for model size and test conditions to be fulfilled
8.5.3 Stability and fluctuations during measurements
8.5.4 Adjustment of the operating point
8.6 Computation and presentation of test results [Go to Page]
8.6.1 General
Table 9 – Minimum values for model size and test parameters [Go to Page]
8.6.2 Power, discharge and efficiency in the guarantee range
Figure 36 – Pelton model turbine: performance hill diagram (example for a six-nozzle machine)
Table 10 – Variables defining the operating point of a machine
Figure 37 – Three-dimensional surface of hydraulic efficiency and curves of performance at EnD constant [Go to Page]
8.6.3 Computation of steady-state runaway speed and discharge
Figure 38 – Runaway curves for a six-nozzle Pelton turbine
Figure 39 – Runaway speed determined by extrapolation
9 Nature and extent of guarantees related to hydraulic performance [Go to Page]
9.1 General [Go to Page]
9.1.1 Design data and coordination
9.1.2 Definition of the hydraulic performance guarantees
9.1.3 Guarantees of correlated quantities
9.1.4 Form of guarantees
9.2 Main hydraulic performance guarantees verifiable by model test [Go to Page]
9.2.1 Guaranteed quantities for any machine
9.2.2 Specific application
9.3 Guarantees not verifiable by model test [Go to Page]
9.3.1 Guarantees on cavitation erosion
9.3.2 Guarantees on maximum momentary overspeed and maximum momentary pressure rise
9.3.3 Guarantees covering noise and vibration
9.3.4 Measurements not covered by this document
9.4 Comparison with guarantees [Go to Page]
9.4.1 General
9.4.2 Interpolation curve and total uncertainty bandwidth
9.4.3 Power, discharge and/or specific hydraulic energy and efficiency in the guarantee range
Figure 40 – Measured hydraulic efficiency compared to guarantee point [Go to Page]
9.4.4 Prototype mechanical losses
9.4.5 Runaway speed and discharge
Figure 41 – Comparison between guarantees and measurements [Go to Page]
9.4.6 Penalty and premium
10 Additional performance data – Methods of measurement and results [Go to Page]
10.1 Additional data measurement [Go to Page]
10.1.1 General
Figure 42 – Pelton turbine runaway speed and discharge curves: comparison between guarantees and measurements [Go to Page]
10.1.2 Test conditions and test procedures
10.1.3 Uncertainty in measurements
10.1.4 Model to prototype conversion
10.2 Hydraulic loads on control components [Go to Page]
10.2.1 General
10.2.2 Pelton needle force and deflector torque
Figure 43 – Pelton needle force factor as a function of relative needle stroke
10.3 Influence of tail water level
10.4 Testing in an extended operating range [Go to Page]
10.4.1 General
10.4.2 Scope of tests
10.4.3 Methods of testing in the extended operating range
10.5 Differential pressure measurement in view of prototype index test [Go to Page]
10.5.1 General
10.5.2 Purpose of test
10.5.3 Execution of test
10.5.4 Analysis of test results
Figure 44 – Example of pressure tap location for index test
Figure 45 – Example of graphical representation of index test data [Go to Page]
10.5.5 Transposition to prototype conditions
10.5.6 Uncertainty
10.6 Nozzle flow discharge calibration in view of prototype index test
Annexes [Go to Page]
Annex A (informative) Dimensionless terms
Table A.1 – Dimensionless terms
Annex B (normative) Physical properties, data
Table B.1 – Acceleration due to gravity g (m·s−2)
Table B.2 – Density of distilled water ρwd (kg·m−3)
Table B.3 – Kinematic viscosity of distilled water ν (m2·s−1)
Table B.4 – Vapour pressure of distilled water pva (Pa)
Table B.5 – Density of dry air ρa (kg·m−3)
Table B.6 – Ambient pressure pamb (Pa)
Table B.7 – Density of mercury ρHg (kg·m−3)
Annex C (informative) Summarized test and calculation procedure [Go to Page]
C.1 General
C.2 Agreements to be reached prior to testing
C.3 Model, test facility and instrumentation [Go to Page]
C.3.1 Model manufacture and dimensional checks
C.3.2 Test facility instrumentation and data acquisition system
C.4 Tests and calculation of the model values [Go to Page]
C.4.1 Test types
C.4.2 Measurement of the main quantities during the test
C.4.3 Uncertainty of the measured quantities
C.4.4 Calculation of the quantities related to the main hydraulic performance
C.4.5 Calculation of the dimensionless factors or coefficients and of the Thoma number
C.5 Calculation of prototype quantities
C.6 Plotting of model or prototype results
C.7 Comparison with the guarantees
C.8 Final protocol
C.9 Final test report
Annex D (normative) Computation of the prototype runaway characteristics taking into account friction and windage losses of the unit
Figure D.1 – Determination of the maximum runaway speed of the prototype taking into account the friction and windage losses of the unit
Annex E (informative) Example of determination of the best smooth curve: method of separate segments [Go to Page]
E.1 General
E.2 Principle of the method
Figure E.1 – Principle of the method of separate segments
Figure E.2 – Example of determination of intervals [Go to Page]
E.3 Choice of the minimum width of the intervals
E.4 Determination of the intervals
Annex F (informative) Examples of analysis of sources of error and uncertainty evaluation [Go to Page]
F.1 General
F.2 Example of analysis of sources of error and of uncertainty evaluation in the measurement of a physical quantity [Go to Page]
F.2.1 General
F.2.2 Errors arising during calibration
F.2.3 Errors arising during the tests
F.3 Example of calculation of uncertainty due to systematic errors in the determination of the specific hydraulic energy, mechanical runner power and hydraulic efficiency [Go to Page]
F.3.1 General
F.3.2 Discharge
F.3.3 Pressure
F.3.4 Specific hydraulic energy
F.3.5 Power
F.3.6 Hydraulic efficiency
Annex G (normative) The scale effect on hydraulic efficiency for Pelton turbines [Go to Page]
G.1 General
G.2 Similarity considerations
Figure G.1 – Influence of Froude number
Table G.1 – Numerical data for surface tension σ* [Go to Page]
G.3 Transposition formula
Figure G.2 – Influence of Weber number
Figure G.3 – Influence of Reynolds number
Annex H (normative) Analysis of random errors for a test at constant operating conditions [Go to Page]
H.1 General
H.2 Standard deviation
H.3 Confidence levels
H.4 Student's t distribution
Table H.1 – Confidence levels [Go to Page]
H.5 Maximum permissible value of uncertainty due to random errors
Table H.2 – Values of Student's t [Go to Page]
H.6 Example of calculation
Table H.3 – Computation of the estimated standard deviation and the uncertainty for eight observations
Annex I (informative) Flux diagram of specific hydraulic energy and power
Figure I.1 – Turbine
Bibliography [Go to Page]

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