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BS EN IEC 62364:2019 Hydraulic machines. Guidelines for dealing with hydro-abrasive erosion in kaplan, francis, and pelton turbines, 2019
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- English [Go to Page]
- CONTENTS
- FOREWORD
- INTRODUCTION
- 1 Scope
- 2 Terms, definitions and symbols
- 3 Prediction of hydro-abrasive erosion rate [Go to Page]
- 3.1 Model for hydro-abrasive erosion depth
- 3.2 Reference model
- Figure 1 – Estimation of the characteristic velocities in guide vanes, Wgv, and runner, Wrun, as a function of turbine specific speed
- Table 1 – Values of Kf and p for various components
- 3.3 Simplified hydro-abrasive erosion evaluation
- Figures
- Tables
- 4 Design [Go to Page]
- 4.1 General
- Figure 2 – Simplified evaluation of risk of hydro-abrasive erosion for first assessment
- 4.2 Selection of materials with high resistance to hydro-abrasive erosion and coating
- 4.3 Stainless steel overlays
- 4.4 Water conveyance system
- 4.5 Valve [Go to Page]
- 4.5.1 General
- 4.5.2 Protection (closing) of the gap between housing and trunnion
- 4.5.3 Stops located outside the valve
- Figure 3 – Example of protection of transition area [Go to Page]
- 4.5.4 Proper capacity of inlet valve operator
- 4.5.5 Increase bypass size to allow higher guide vane leakage
- 4.5.6 Bypass system design
- 4.6 Turbine [Go to Page]
- 4.6.1 General
- 4.6.2 Hydraulic design
- Figure 4 – Runner blade overhang in refurbishment project [Go to Page]
- 4.6.3 Mechanical design
- Figure 5 – Example of cavitation on runner band due to thicker blades
- Figure 6 – Example of design of guide vane trunnion seals
- Figure 7 – Example of fixing of facing plates from the dry side (bolt to the left)
- Figure 8 – Head cover balancing pipes with bends
- 5 Operation and maintenance [Go to Page]
- 5.1 Operation
- Figure 9 – Step labyrinth with optimized shape for hardcoating
- 5.2 Spares and regular inspections
- 5.3 Particle sampling and monitoring
- Figure 10 – Sample plot of particle concentration versus time
- 6 Materials with high resistance to hydro-abrasive erosion [Go to Page]
- 6.1 Guidelines concerning relative hydro-abrasive erosion resistance of materials including hydro-abrasive erosion resistant coatings [Go to Page]
- 6.1.1 General
- 6.1.2 Discussion and conclusions
- 6.2 Guidelines concerning maintainability of hydro-abrasive erosion resistant coating materials [Go to Page]
- 6.2.1 Definition of terms used in this subclause
- 6.2.2 Time between overhaul for protective coatings
- 6.2.3 Repair of protective coatings
- Table 2 – Overview over the feasibility for repair C on site
- 7 Guidelines on insertions into specifications [Go to Page]
- 7.1 General
- 7.2 Properties of particles going through the turbine
- Table 3 – Form for properties of particles going through the turbine
- 7.3 Size distribution of particles
- Table 4 – Form for size distribution of particles
- Annexes [Go to Page]
- Annex A (informative) PL calculation example
- Table A.1 – Example of documenting sample tests
- Table A.2 – Example of documenting sample results
- Annex B (informative) Measuring and recording hydro-abrasive erosion damages [Go to Page]
- B.1 Recording hydro-abrasive erosion damage
- B.2 Pelton runner without coating
- B.3 Needle tip and mouth piece without coating
- B.4 Pelton runner with hardcoating
- B.5 Needle tip, seat ring and nozzle housing with coating
- B.6 Francis runner and stationary labyrinth without coating
- B.7 Francis runner with coating and stationary labyrinth
- B.8 Guide vanes and facing plates without coating
- B.9 Guide vanes and facing plates with coating
- B.10 Stay vanes
- B.11 Francis labyrinth seals uncoated
- B.12 Kaplan uncoated
- B.13 Kaplan coated
- B.14 Sample data sheets
- B.15 Inspection record, runner blade inlet
- Table B.1 – Inspection record, runner blade inlet form [Go to Page]
- B.16 Inspection record, runner blade outlet
- Table B.2 – Inspection record, runner blade outlet form [Go to Page]
- B.17 Inspection record, runner band
- Table B.3 – Inspection record, runner band form [Go to Page]
- B.18 Inspection record, guide vanes
- Table B.4 – Inspection record, guide vanes form [Go to Page]
- B.19 Inspection record, facing plates and covers
- Table B.5 – Inspection record, facing plates and covers form [Go to Page]
- B.20 Inspection record, upper stationary seal
- Table B.6 – Inspection record, upper stationary seal form [Go to Page]
- B.21 Inspection record, upper rotating seal
- Table B.7 – Inspection record, upper rotating seal form [Go to Page]
- B.22 Inspection record, lower stationary seal
- Table B.8 – Inspection record, lower stationary seal form [Go to Page]
- B.23 Inspection record, lower rotating seal
- Table B.9 – Inspection record, lower rotating seal form [Go to Page]
- B.24 Inspection record, runner bucket
- Table B.10 – Inspection record, runner bucket [Go to Page]
- B.25 Inspection record, Pelton runner splitter
- Table B.11 – Inspection record, Pelton runner splitter
- Annex C (informative) Monitoring of particle concentration and properties and water sampling procedure [Go to Page]
- C.1 General
- C.2 Sampling before building a power station
- C.3 Sampling in existing power stations
- C.4 Logging of samples
- Annex D (informative) Procedures for analysis of particle concentration, size, hardness and shape [Go to Page]
- D.1 General
- D.2 Particle concentration
- D.3 Particle size distribution
- D.4 Mineralogical composition
- D.5 Particle geometry
- Figure D.1 – Typical examples of particle geometry
- Annex E (informative) Frequency of sediment sampling
- Annex F (informative) Typical criteria to determine overhaul time due to hydro-abrasive erosion [Go to Page]
- F.1 General
- F.2 Parameters which are observable while the unit is in operation
- F.3 Criteria that require internal inspection of the unit
- Annex G (informative) Example to calculate the hydro-abrasive erosion depth
- Table G.1 – Calculations
- Annex H (informative) Examples to calculate the TBO in the reference model
- Table H.1 – Pelton turbine calculation example
- Table H.2 – Francis turbine calculation example
- Annex I (informative) Background for hydro-abrasive erosion depth model [Go to Page]
- I.1 Model background and derivation
- I.2 Introduction to the PL variable
- Figure I.1 – Example of flow pattern in a Pelton injector at different load [Go to Page]
- I.3 Calibration of the formula
- Table I.1 – Analysis of the calibration constant Kf and p
- Annex J (informative) Quality control of thermal sprayed WC-CoCr [Go to Page]
- J.1 Specification
- J.2 Quality control
- Table J.1 – Recommended items to include in HVOF inspection
- Bibliography [Go to Page]
