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eLibrary > BS EN IEC 61400-21-2:2023 Wind energy generation systems - Measurement and assessment of electrical characteristics. Wind power plants >

BS EN IEC 61400-21-2:2023 Wind energy generation systems - Measurement and assessment of electrical characteristics. Wind power plants, 2023

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BS EN IEC 61400-21-2:2023 Wind energy generation systems - Measurement and assessment of electrical characteristics. Wind power plants, 2023

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Annex ZA (normative)Normative references to international publicationswith their corresponding European publications [Go to Page]
English [Go to Page]
CONTENTS
FOREWORD
INTRODUCTION
1 Scope
2 Normative references
3 Terms and definitions
Figures [Go to Page]
Figure 1 – Example of step response
4 Symbols and abbreviated terms [Go to Page]
4.1 Symbols
4.2 Abbreviated terms
5 Power plant specifications
6 Overall test and documentation requirements [Go to Page]
6.1 General
Figure 2 – Example of a PP setup
Tables [Go to Page]
Table 1 – Overview of measurements and their requirements
6.2 Test conditions, monitoring and reporting requirements
6.3 Test conditions in the case of external influences
6.4 Test and measurement equipment [Go to Page]
6.4.1 General
6.4.2 Voltage, current and power calculations
6.4.3 Measurement equipment
6.4.4 Existing measurement equipment for power control tests
6.4.5 Optional measurements
6.5 Functional and performance test
6.6 Power plant controller [Go to Page]
6.6.1 General
6.6.2 Definition and requirements
Figure 3 – General structure of a PPC for reactive power control within a power plant [Go to Page]
6.6.3 Measurement points
Figure 4 – General structure of a PPC for active power control within a power plant
Figure 5 – Illustration of the PPC as a black box with in- and outputs [Go to Page]
6.6.4 Measurement data
6.6.5 Test setup
Figure 6 – Illustration of the PPC with the internal system data [Go to Page]
6.6.6 Documentation
Figure 7 – Illustration of a complete test setup
Table 2 – Description and general requirements of the HIL test functional
7 Measurement and test of electrical characteristics [Go to Page]
7.1 General
7.2 Power quality aspects [Go to Page]
7.2.1 General
7.2.2 Flicker during continuous operation
7.2.3 Rapid voltage changes due to switching operations
7.2.4 Harmonics
7.3 Steady state operation [Go to Page]
7.3.1 General
7.3.2 Unbalance
7.4 Dynamic performance [Go to Page]
7.4.1 Undervoltage and overvoltage ride-through (UVRT and OVRT) capability
7.4.2 Test setup and test conditions
7.4.3 Test and measurement procedure
Table 3 – List of recorded signals
Table 4 – List of electrical signals to be monitored for the evaluation of events [Go to Page]
7.4.4 Documentation
7.5 Disconnection from grid [Go to Page]
7.5.1 Grid protection
Figure 8 – Example of time series for the active and reactive current measured (M) and simulated (S) active and reactive current [1] [Go to Page]
7.5.2 Requirements of test devices
7.5.3 Grid protection test – PP level
Table 5 – Maximum measurement uncertainties for the grid simulator [Go to Page]
7.5.4 Grid protection test – PGU level
7.5.5 RoCoF
8 Control performance [Go to Page]
8.1 General
8.2 Performance test [Go to Page]
8.2.1 General
8.2.2 Active power control tests
Table 6 – List of signals during test
Figure 9 – Adjustment of active power reference value
Figure 10 – Example of active power response step [Go to Page]
8.2.3 Controlled shutdown
Table 7 – Accuracy of the active power control values
Table 8 – Results from the active power dynamic response test
Table 9 – Example of list of signals during test [Go to Page]
8.2.4 Synthetic inertia response
Figure 11 – Example of controlled shutdown
Table 10 – Results of the emergency shutdown test
Table 11 – List of signals during test
Figure 12 – Synthetic inertia – example response and definitions [Go to Page]
8.2.5 Reactive power control
Table 12 – Synthetic inertia settings
Table 13 – Synthetic inertia test results
Table 14 – List of signals during test
Figure 13 – Test for static error
Figure 14 – Example of test of dynamic response [Go to Page]
8.2.6 Reactive power capability
Table 15 – Test for static error
Table 16 – Test for dynamic response
Table 17 – List of signals during test
Figure 15 – Example of test of reactive power capability QP-chart
Figure 16 – Example of reactive power capability UP-chartcorresponding to the QP-chart
8.3 Functionality tests [Go to Page]
8.3.1 General
8.3.2 Active power ramp rate limitation test
Table 18 – Example of reactive power capability QP-chart
Table 19 – List of signals during test
Figure 17 – Example of available active power and activepower in ramp rate limitation mode [Go to Page]
8.3.3 Priority of setpoints
Table 20 – Active power ramp rate calculation
Figure 18 – Example of active power setpoint prioritization test
Table 21 – List of signals during test [Go to Page]
8.3.4 Frequency control
Table 22 – Test results priority of setpoints
Table 23 – List of signals during test
Figure 19 – PPC measured frequency feedback is replaced by a simulated frequency
Figure 20 – Example of an active power control function P = f(f), with the different measurement points and related steps of frequency [Go to Page]
8.3.5 Reactive power ramp rate limitation
Table 24 – Example of test sequence for the frequency dependent active power function
Table 25 – List of signals during test
Table 26 – Test procedure reactive power ramp rate limitation test
Figure 21 – Example of reactive power ramp rate limitation test
Table 27 – Reactive power ramp rate calculation [Go to Page]
8.3.6 Voltage control Q(U)-characteristic
Figure 22 – Example of the Q(U) characteristic with a 4 % slope
Table 28 – List of signals during test [Go to Page]
8.3.7 Power factor control
Table 29 – Voltage control Q(U) – slope test
Table 30 – List of signals during test
Table 31 – Example of power factor control test [Go to Page]
8.3.8 Communication error/fallback scenarios
Figure 23 – Example of possible PP communication faults
Table 32 – List of signals during test
Figure 24 – Example of graph for communication error test
Table 33 – Example of communication error test – Failure on external interface
Table 34 – Example of failure of PPC or communication between PPC and PGUs
9 Assessment of power quality of power plants (PP) [Go to Page]
9.1 General
9.2 Voltage fluctuations [Go to Page]
9.2.1 Voltage change
Table 35 – Example of failure of grid data measurement [Go to Page]
9.2.2 Flicker in continuous operation
9.2.3 Voltage change and flicker during switching operations
9.3 Current harmonics, interharmonics and higher frequency components
Table 36 – Specification of exponents according to IEC TR 61000-3-6
Annex A (informative)Report template [Go to Page]
A.1 Overview
A.2 Power plant specification and test conditions
Table A.1 – General and nominal data
A.3 Power plant controller
Table A.2 – General power plant capabilities and control functions
Table A.3 – General test and report information
Table A.4 – General test conditions and grid data
A.4 Power quality aspects
Figure A.1 – Figure 25 – Voltage flicker Pst versus active power for normal operation
Table A.5 – General test conditions and test setup
Table A.6 – Flicker values
Figure A.2 – Voltage flicker Pst for background level
Figure A.3 – Time series of three-phase voltages as RMS of PP starting
Figure A.4 – Time series of three-phase currents as RMS of PP starting
Figure A.5 – Time series of active and reactive power of PP starting
Table A.7 – Rapid voltage changes due to switching operations
Figure A.6 – Time series of three-phase voltages as RMS of PP stopping
Figure A.7 – Time series of three-phase currents as RMS of PP stopping
Figure A.8 – Time series of active and reactive power of PP stopping
Table A.8 – General test information
Table A.9 – 99th percentile of 10 min harmonic magnitudes per week
Table A.10 – 99th percentile of 10 min harmonic magnitudes per week
Table A.11 – 99th percentile of 10 min harmonic magnitudes per week
Table A.12 – 95th percentile of 10 min harmonic magnitudes per week
Table A.13 – 95th percentile of 10 min harmonic magnitudes per week
Table A.14 – 95th percentile of 10 min harmonic magnitudes per week
Table A.15 – 99th percentile of 10 min harmonic magnitudes per week
Table A.16 – 99th percentile of 10 min harmonic magnitudes per week
Table A.17 – 99th percentile of 10 min harmonic magnitudes per week
Table A.18 – 95th percentile of 10 min harmonic magnitudes per week
Table A.19 – 95th percentile of 10 min harmonic magnitudes per week
Table A.20 – 95th percentile of 10 min harmonic magnitudes per week
Table A.21 – 99th percentile of 3 s harmonic magnitudes per week
Table A.22 – 99th percentile of 3 s harmonic magnitudes per week
Table A.23 – 99th percentile of 3 s harmonic magnitudes per week
Table A.24 – 99th percentile of 3 s harmonic magnitudes per week
Table A.25 – 99th percentile of 3 s harmonic magnitudes per week
Table A.26 – 99th percentile of 3 s harmonic magnitudes per week
Figure A.9 – Maximum of the 99th percentiles of integerharmonic currents versus harmonic order
Figure A.10 – Maximum of the 99th percentiles ofinterharmonic currents versus frequency
Figure A.11 – Maximum of the 99th percentiles of higherfrequency current components versus frequency
Figure A.12 – Maximum of the 95th percentiles of integerharmonic currents versus harmonic order
Figure A.13 – Maximum of the 95th percentiles ofinterharmonic currents versus frequency
Figure A.14 – Maximum of the 95th percentiles of higherfrequency current components versus frequency
Figure A.15 – Maximum of the 99th percentiles of integerharmonic voltages versus harmonic order
Figure A.16 – Maximum of the 99th percentiles ofinterharmonic voltages versus frequency
Figure A.17 – Maximum of the 99th percentiles of higherfrequency voltage components versus frequency
Figure A.18 – Maximum of the 95th percentiles of integerharmonic voltages versus harmonic order
Figure A.19 – Maximum of the 95th percentiles ofinterharmonic voltages versus frequency
Figure A.20 – Maximum of the 95th percentiles of higherfrequency voltage components versus frequency
A.5 Steady state operation
Figure A.21 – Current unbalance factor as a function of active power
Figure A.22 – Voltage unbalance factor as a function of active power
Table A.27 – Unbalance
A.6 Dynamic performance
Figure A.23 – Time series: Instantaneous three-phase currents and voltages at the POC
Figure A.24 – Time series: Positive and negative sequence of the active and reactive current
Figure A.25 – Time series: Positive and negative sequence of the active and reactive power
Table A.28 – General fault information of undervoltage andovervoltage ride-through (UVRT and OVRT) events/recorda
A.7 Disconnection from grid (grid protection)
A.8 Performance test [Go to Page]
A.8.1 General
A.8.2 Static error test
Figure A.26 – Time series: Positive and negative sequence grid voltage at the POC
Figure A.27 – Time series of available active power, measured active power output and reference values
Table A.29 – Accuracy of the active power control values [Go to Page]
A.8.3 Dynamic response test
A.8.4 Controlled shutdown
Figure A.28 – Time series of available active power, measured active power output and reference values
Figure A.29 – Time series of available active power, measured active power output and reference values
Table A.30 – Accuracy of the active power control values
Table A.31 – Results of the emergency shutdown test [Go to Page]
A.8.5 Synthetic inertia response
Figure A.30 – Time-series of available active power, measured active power and reference value of the grid frequency for (test 1 and test 2) 0,25 × Pn < P < 0,5 × Pn
Figure A.31 – Time-series of available active power, measured active power and reference value of the grid frequency for (test 3 and test 4) P > 0,8 × Pn
Figure A.32 – Time-series of available active power, measured active power and reference value of the grid frequency for (test 5 and test 6) v > vn
Table A.32 – Synthetic inertia test results [Go to Page]
A.8.6 Reactive power control
Figure A.33 – Time-series of reactive power reference values and measured reactive power and grid voltage during the test of reactive power control
Figure A.34 – Time-series of reactive power reference values and measured reactive power, grid voltage during the test of reactive power control
Table A.33 – Test for static error [Go to Page]
A.8.7 Reactive power capability
Figure A.35 – Zoom of step response (for all three-step responses) in the time-series of reactive power reference values and measured reactive power, grid voltage during the test of reactive power control
Figure A.36 – Test of reactive power capability QP-chart
Table A.34 – Test for dynamic response
A.9 Functionality tests [Go to Page]
A.9.1 Active power ramp rate limitation test
Figure A.37 – Reactive power capability UP-chart corresponding to the QP-chart
Figure A.38 – Time-series of available active power and active power in ramp rate limitation mode – Slow ramp rate
Table A.35 – PQ-diagram [Go to Page]
A.9.2 Priority of setpoints
Figure A.39 – Time-series of available active power and active power in ramp rate limitation mode – Fast ramp rate
Figure A.40 – Time-series of active power setpoints, available power and active power
Table A.36 – Active power ramp rate calculation – Slow ramp rate
Table A.37 – Active power ramp rate calculation – Fast ramp rate [Go to Page]
A.9.3 Frequency control
Figure A.41 – Time-series of active power setpoints, available power and active power
Figure A.42 – Time-series of simulated frequency
Table A.38 – Test results priority of setpoints [Go to Page]
A.9.4 Reactive power ramp rate limitation
Figure A.43 – Time series of reactive power setpoint, reactive power
Table A.39 – Frequency dependent active power function results [Go to Page]
A.9.5 Voltage control Q(U)-characteristic
Figure A.44 – Time series of voltage – Reactive power, expectedreactive power for a given slope
Table A.40 – Reactive power ramp rate calculation [Go to Page]
A.9.6 Power factor control
Figure A.45 – Time series of active power, reactive power,power factor and power factor reference
Table A.41 – Voltage control Q(U) – slope test
Table A.42 – Power factor control test [Go to Page]
A.9.7 Communication error / fallback scenarios
Figure A.46 – Time-series of active power setpoint, active power and available power and failure time point (case 1 to case 3)
Table A.43 – Communication error test – Failure on external interface (example)
Table A.44 – Failure of PPC or communication between PPC and PGUs (example)
Table A.45 – Failure of grid data measurement (example)
Figure A.47 – Graph for communication error test (example)
Table A.46 – Communication error test – Failure on external interface (example)
Table A.47 – Failure of PPC or communication between PPC and PGUs (example)
Table A.48 – Failure of grid data measurement (example)
Annex B (informative)Harmonic evaluation [Go to Page]
B.1 Harmonic estimation at the point of interest
B.2 Background harmonic distortion
B.3 Harmonic summation
B.4 Harmonic propagation studies
B.5 PP harmonic contribution evaluation [Go to Page]
B.5.1 General
B.5.2 Incremental PP harmonic contribution based on simulations
B.5.3 PP electromagnetic compatibility analysis based on simulations
Figure B.1 – Simplified representation for the PP connected to the externalgrid used for the estimation of incremental harmonic contribution at POC orany other point of interest [Go to Page]
B.5.4 Harmonic measurements at the POC
Figure B.2 – Simplified representation of the PP for harmonic propagation studies including the harmonic background and PGU’s non-ideal harmonic voltage source
Annex C (informative)Validation procedure for PP [Go to Page]
Table C.1 – Recommended assessment methods forthe validation of the electrical capabilities of the PP
Annex D (informative)Measurement accuracy [Go to Page]
Table D.1 – Voltage transducer (VT) in MV, HV and EHV
Table D.2 – Current transducer (CT) in MV, HV und EHV
Bibliography [Go to Page]

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BS EN IEC 61400-21-2:2023 Wind energy generation systems - Measurement and assessment of electrical characteristics. Wind power plants, 2023

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