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eLibrary > BS EN 61400-2:2014 Wind turbines - Small wind turbines >

BS EN 61400-2:2014 Wind turbines - Small wind turbines, 2019

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BS EN 61400-2:2014 Wind turbines - Small wind turbines, 2019

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English [Go to Page]
CONTENTS
FOREWORD
1 Scope
2 Normative references
3 Terms and definitions
4 Symbols and abbreviated terms [Go to Page]
4.1 General
4.2 Symbols
4.3 Coordinate system
Figures [Go to Page]
Figure 1 – Definition of the system of axes for HAWT
5 Principal elements [Go to Page]
5.1 General
Figure 2 – Definition of the system of axes for VAWT
5.2 Design methods
5.3 Quality assurance
Figure 3 – IEC 61400-2 decision path
I Design evaluation
6 External conditions [Go to Page]
6.1 General
6.2 SWT classes
6.3 Wind conditions [Go to Page]
6.3.1 General
6.3.2 Normal wind conditions
Tables [Go to Page]
Table 1 – Basic parameters for SWT classes [Go to Page]
6.3.3 Extreme wind conditions
Figure 4 – Characteristic wind turbulence
Figure 5 – Example of extreme operating gust (N=1, Vhub = 25 m/s)
Figure 6 – Example of extreme direction change magnitude (N = 50, D = 5 m, zhub = 20 m)
Figure 7 – Example of extreme direction change transient (N = 50, Vhub = 25 m/s)
Figure 8 – Extreme coherent gust (Vhub = 25 m/s) (ECG)
6.4 Other environmental conditions [Go to Page]
6.4.1 General
Figure 9 – The direction change for ECD
Figure 10 – Time development of direction change for Vhub = 25 m/s [Go to Page]
6.4.2 Other normal environmental conditions
6.4.3 Other extreme environmental conditions
6.5 Controlled test conditions
6.6 Electrical load conditions [Go to Page]
6.6.1 General
6.6.2 For turbines connected to the electrical power network
6.6.3 For turbines not connected to the electrical power network
7 Structural design [Go to Page]
7.1 General
7.2 Design methodology
7.3 Loads and load cases [Go to Page]
7.3.1 General
7.3.2 Vibration, inertial and gravitational loads
7.3.3 Aerodynamic loads
7.3.4 Operational loads
7.3.5 Other loads
7.3.6 Load cases
7.4 Simplified loads methodology [Go to Page]
7.4.1 General
7.4.2 Load case A: normal operation
Table 2 – Design load cases for the simplified load calculation method [Go to Page]
7.4.3 Load case B: yawing
7.4.4 Load case C: yaw error
7.4.5 Load case D: maximum thrust
7.4.6 Load case E: maximum rotational speed
7.4.7 Load case F: short at load connection
7.4.8 Load case G: shutdown (braking)
7.4.9 Load case H: extreme wind loading
7.4.10 Load case I: parked wind loading, maximum exposure
7.4.11 Load case J: transportation, assembly, maintenance and repair
7.5 Simulation modelling [Go to Page]
7.5.1 General
Table 3 – Force coefficients (Cf) [Go to Page]
7.5.2 Power production (DLC 1.1 to 1.5)
Table 4 – Minimum set of design load cases (DLC) for simulation by aero-elastic models [Go to Page]
7.5.3 Power production plus occurrence of fault (DLC 2.1 to 2.3)
7.5.4 Normal shutdown (DLC 3.1 and 3.2)
7.5.5 Emergency or manual shutdown (DLC 4.1)
7.5.6 Extreme wind loading (stand-still or idling or spinning) (DLC 5.1 to 5.2)
7.5.7 Parked plus fault conditions (DLC 6.1)
7.5.8 Transportation, assembly, maintenance and repair (DLC 7.1)
7.5.9 Load calculations
7.6 Load measurements
7.7 Stress calculation
7.8 Safety factors [Go to Page]
7.8.1 Material factors and requirements
Table 5 – Equivalent stresses [Go to Page]
7.8.2 Partial safety factor for loads
7.9 Limit state analysis [Go to Page]
7.9.1 Ultimate strength analysis
Table 6 – Partial safety factors for materials
Table 7 – Partial safety factors for loads [Go to Page]
7.9.2 Fatigue failure
7.9.3 Critical deflection analysis
8 Protection and shutdown system [Go to Page]
8.1 General
8.2 Functional requirements of the protection system
8.3 Manual shutdown
8.4 Shutdown for maintenance
9 Electrical system [Go to Page]
9.1 General
9.2 Protective devices
9.3 Disconnect device
9.4 Earthing (grounding) systems
9.5 Lightning protection
9.6 Electrical conductors and cables
9.7 Electrical loads [Go to Page]
9.7.1 General
9.7.2 Battery charging
9.7.3 Electrical power network (grid connected systems)
9.7.4 Direct connect to electric motors (e.g. water pumping)
9.7.5 Direct resistive load (e.g. heating)
9.8 Local requirements
10 Support structure [Go to Page]
10.1 General
10.2 Dynamic requirements
10.3 Environmental factors
10.4 Earthing
10.5 Foundation
10.6 Turbine access design loads
11 Documentation requirements [Go to Page]
11.1 General
11.2 Product manuals [Go to Page]
11.2.1 General
11.2.2 Specification
11.2.3 Installation
11.2.4 Operation
11.2.5 Maintenance and routine inspection
11.3 Consumer label
12 Wind turbine markings
II Type testing
13 Testing [Go to Page]
13.1 General
13.2 Tests to verify design data [Go to Page]
13.2.1 General
13.2.2 Pdesign, ndesign, Vdesign and Qdesign
13.2.3 Maximum yaw rate
13.2.4 Maximum rotational speed
13.3 Mechanical loads testing
13.4 Duration testing [Go to Page]
13.4.1 General
13.4.2 Reliable operation
13.4.3 Dynamic behaviour
13.4.4 Reporting of duration test
13.5 Mechanical component testing [Go to Page]
13.5.1 General
13.5.2 Blade test
13.5.3 Hub test
13.5.4 Nacelle frame test
13.5.5 Yaw mechanism test
13.5.6 Gearbox test
13.6 Safety and function
13.7 Environmental testing
13.8 Electrical
Annex A (informative) Variants of small wind turbine systems
Annex B (normative) Design parameters for describing SWT class S
Annex C (informative) Stochastic turbulence models [Go to Page]
Table C.1 – Turbulence spectral parameters for Kaimal model
Annex D (informative) Deterministic turbulence description
Annex E (informative) Partial safety factors for materials [Go to Page]
Figure E.1 – Normal and Weibull distribution
Table E.1 – Factors for different survival probabilities and variabilities
Figure E.2 – Typical S-N diagram for fatigue of glass fibre composites (Figure 41 from reference [E.2])
Figure E.3 – Typical environmental effects on glass fibre composites (Figure 25 from reference [E.2])
Figure E.4 – Fatigue strain diagram for large tow unidirectional 0° carbonfibre/vinyl ester composites, R = 0,1 and 10 (Figure 107 from reference [E.2])
Figure E.5 – S-N curves for fatigue of typical metals
Figure E.6 – Fatigue life data for jointed softwood (from reference [E.5])
Figure E.7 – Typical S-N curve for wood (from reference [E.5])
Figure E.8 – Effect of moisture content on compressive strengthof lumber parallel to grain (Figure 4-13 from reference [E.6])
Figure E.9 – Effect of moisture content on wood strength properties (Figure 4-11 from reference [E.6])
Figure E.10 – Effect of grain angle on mechanical propertyof clear wood according to Hankinson-type formula (Figure 4-4 from reference [E.6])
Table E.2 – Geometric discontinuities
Annex F (informative) Development of the simplified loads methodology
Annex G (informative) Example of test reporting formats [Go to Page]
Table G.1 – Example duration test result
Figure G.1 – Example power degradation plot
Figure G.2 – Example binned sea level normalized power curve
Figure G.3 – Example scatter plot of measured power and wind speed
Table G.2 – Example calculated annual energy production (AEP) table
Figure G.4 – Example immission noise map
Annex H (informative) EMC measurements [Go to Page]
Figure H.1 – Measurement setup of radiated emissions (set up type A)
Figure H.2 – Measurement setup of radiated emissions (set up type B)
Figure H.3 – Measurement setup of conducted emissions (setup type A)
Figure H.4 – Measurement setup of conducted emissions (setup type B)
Annex I (normative) Natural frequency analysis [Go to Page]
Figure I.1 – Example of a Campbell diagram
Annex J (informative) Extreme environmental conditions
Annex K (informative) Extreme wind conditions of tropical cyclones [Go to Page]
Table K.1 – Top five average extreme wind speeds recorded at meteorological stations
Table K.2 – Extreme wind speeds recorded at meteorological stations
Figure K.1 – Comparison of predicted and observed extremewinds in a mixed climate region (after Isihara, T. and Yamaguchi, A.)
Figure K.2 – Tropical cyclone tracks between 1945 and 2006
Annex L (informative) Other wind conditions [Go to Page]
Figure L.1 – Simulation showing inclined flow on a building (courtesy Sander Mertens)
Figure L.2 – Example wind flow around a building
Figure L.3 – Turbulence intensity and wind speed distribution, 5 m above treetopsin a forest north of Uppsala, Sweden, during Jan-Dec 2009
Figure L.4 – Turbulence intensity and wind speed distribution, 69 m above treetops in a forest north of Uppsala, Sweden, during 2009 (limited data for high wind speeds)
Figure L.5 – Turbulence intensity and wind distribution, 2 m above rooftopin Melville, Western Australia, during Jan-Feb 2009, reference [L.4]
Figure L.6 – Turbulence intensity and wind speed distribution, 5,7 m above a rooftopin Port Kennedy, Western Australia, during Feb-Mar 2010, reference [L.4]
Figure L.7 – Example extreme direction changes; 1,5 m above a rooftop in Tokyo,Japan during three months February-May of 2007 (0,5 Hz data, reference [L.5])
Figure L.8 – Example extreme direction changes; 1,5 m above a rooftop in Tokyo, Japan during five months September 2010 to February 2011 (1,0 Hz data, reference [L.5])
Figure L.9 – Gust factor measurements during storm in Port Kennedy,Western Australia, during March 2010, measured 5 m above rooftop compared with 10-min average wind speed
Annex M (informative) Consumer label [Go to Page]
Figure M.1 – Sample label in English
Figure M.2 – Sample bilingual label (English/French)
Bibliography [Go to Page]

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BS EN 61400-2:2014 Wind turbines - Small wind turbines, 2019

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