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eLibrary >
23/30482667 DC BS EN IEC 62232/AMD1 Amendment 1 - Determination of RF field strength, power density and SAR in the vicinity of base stations for the purpose of evaluating human exposure >
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23/30482667 DC BS EN IEC 62232/AMD1 Amendment 1 - Determination of RF field strength, power density and SAR in the vicinity of base stations for the purpose of evaluating human exposure, 2023
- 30482667-NC.pdf
- 106_626e_CDV.pdf [Go to Page]
- FOREWORD
- INTRODUCTION
- 1 Scope
- 2 Normative references
- 3 Terms and definitions
- 4 Symbols and abbreviated terms [Go to Page]
- 4.1 Physical quantities
- 4.2 Constants
- 4.3 Abbreviated terms
- 5 How to use this document [Go to Page]
- 5.1 Quick start guide
- 5.2 RF evaluation purpose categories
- 5.3 Implementation case studies
- 6 Evaluation processes for product compliance, product installation compliance and in-situ RF exposure assessments [Go to Page]
- 6.1 Evaluation process for product compliance [Go to Page]
- 6.1.1 General
- 6.1.2 Establishing compliance boundaries
- 6.1.3 Iso-surface compliance boundary definition
- 6.1.4 Simple compliance boundaries
- 6.1.5 Methods for establishing the compliance boundary [Go to Page]
- 6.1.5.1 General
- 6.1.5.2 Establishing compliance boundary using RF field strength or power density measurements
- 6.1.5.3 Establishing compliance boundary using SAR measurements
- 6.1.5.4 Establishing compliance boundary using cylindrical and spherical formulas
- 6.1.5.5 Establishing compliance boundary using full wave analysis
- 6.1.5.6 Establishing compliance boundary using SAR estimation formulas
- 6.1.5.7 Establishing the compliance boundary of massive MIMO or beam steering antennas
- 6.1.5.8 Establishing compliance boundaries for parabolic dish antennas
- 6.1.6 Uncertainty
- 6.1.7 Reporting for product compliance
- 6.2 Evaluation process used for product installation compliance [Go to Page]
- 6.2.1 General
- 6.2.2 General evaluation procedure for product installations
- 6.2.3 Product installation compliance based on the actual maximum transmitted power or EIRP [Go to Page]
- 6.2.3.1 General requirements
- 6.2.3.2 Detailed process [Go to Page]
- 6.2.3.2.1 General
- 6.2.3.2.2 Phase 1 – before putting the BS into operation or when any significant changes are made to the configured parameters of the BS
- 6.2.3.2.3 Phase 2 – when the BS is in operation
- 6.2.4 Product installation data collection
- 6.2.5 Simplified product installation evaluation process
- 6.2.6 Assessment area selection
- 6.2.7 Measurements [Go to Page]
- 6.2.7.1 General
- 6.2.7.2 General TER measurements
- 6.2.7.3 Comprehensive product ER measurement
- 6.2.7.4 Exposure contribution of ambient sources
- 6.2.8 Computations
- 6.2.9 Uncertainty
- 6.2.10 Reporting for product installation compliance
- 6.3 In-situ RF exposure evaluation or assessment process [Go to Page]
- 6.3.1 General
- 6.3.2 In-situ measurement process
- 6.3.3 Site analysis
- 6.3.4 Case A evaluation
- 6.3.5 Case B evaluation [Go to Page]
- 6.3.5.1 Measurement protocol
- 6.3.5.2 Extrapolation of the configured maximum or actual maximum RF exposure
- 6.3.6 Uncertainty
- 6.3.7 Reporting
- 6.4 Averaging procedures [Go to Page]
- 6.4.1 Spatial averaging
- 6.4.2 Time averaging
- 7 Determining the evaluation method [Go to Page]
- 7.1 Overview
- 7.2 Process to determine the evaluation method [Go to Page]
- 7.2.1 General
- 7.2.2 Establishing the evaluation points in relation to the source-environment plane [Go to Page]
- 7.2.2.1 General
- 7.2.2.2 Source-environment plane definition
- 7.2.2.3 Definitions of source regions
- 7.2.2.4 Definitions of environment regions
- 7.2.2.5 Establish where evaluation points are on the source-environment plane
- 7.2.3 Exposure metric selection
- 8 Evaluation methods [Go to Page]
- 8.1 General
- 8.2 Measurement methods [Go to Page]
- 8.2.1 General
- 8.2.2 RF field strength and power density measurements
- 8.2.3 SAR measurements
- 8.3 Computation methods
- 8.4 Methods for assessment based on actual maximum approach [Go to Page]
- 8.4.1 General requirements
- 8.4.2 Actual transmitted power or EIRP monitoring
- 8.4.3 Actual transmitted power or EIRP control
- 8.5 Methods for the assessment of RF exposure to multiple sources
- 8.6 Methods for establishing the BS transmitted power or EIRP
- 9 Uncertainty
- 10 Reporting [Go to Page]
- 10.1 General requirements
- 10.2 Report format
- 10.3 Opinions and interpretations
- Annex A (informative) Source-environment plane and guidance on the evaluation method selection [Go to Page]
- A.1 Guidance on the source-environment plane [Go to Page]
- A.1.1 General
- A.1.2 Source-environment plane example
- A.1.3 Source regions [Go to Page]
- A.1.3.1 General
- A.1.3.2 Source definition and antenna geometry
- A.1.3.3 Boundary between source regions for BS antennas with small elements, e.g. dipoles/slots/loops [Go to Page]
- A.1.3.3.1 Boundary between source region I and source region II
- A.1.3.3.2 Boundary between source region II and source region III for maximum antenna dimension L ≥ 2,5 λ and elements in a linear configuration
- A.1.3.4 Source regions for equiphase radiating aperture (e.g. parabolic dish) antennas
- A.2 Select between computation or measurement approaches
- A.3 Select measurement method [Go to Page]
- A.3.1 Selection stages
- A.3.2 Selecting between RF field strength, power density and SAR measurement approaches
- A.3.3 Selecting between broadband and frequency selective measurement
- A.3.4 Selecting RF field strength measurement procedures
- A.4 Select computation method
- A.5 Additional considerations [Go to Page]
- A.5.1 Simplicity
- A.5.2 Evaluation method ranking
- A.5.3 Applying multiple methods for RF exposure evaluation
- Annex B (normative) Evaluation methods [Go to Page]
- B.1 Overview
- B.2 General [Go to Page]
- B.2.1 Coordinate systems and reference points
- B.2.2 Variables
- B.3 RF exposure evaluation principles [Go to Page]
- B.3.1 Simple calculation of RF field strength and power density [Go to Page]
- B.3.1.1 Mast mounted BS
- B.3.1.2 Impact of reflective ground plane
- B.3.1.3 Simple calculations with massive MIMO antennas
- B.3.1.4 BS installed underground
- B.3.2 Measurement of RF field strength and power density
- B.3.3 Spatial averaging [Go to Page]
- B.3.3.1 General
- B.3.3.2 Spatial averaging scheme
- B.3.3.3 Spatial averaging formulas
- B.3.3.4 Averaging around the spatial-peak field strength point
- B.3.4 Time averaging [Go to Page]
- B.3.4.1 Applicability of time averaging
- B.3.4.2 Time averaging measurement method
- B.3.4.3 Guidance on addressing time variation of signals in measurement
- B.3.5 Comparing measured and computed values
- B.3.6 Personal RF monitors
- B.4 RF field strength and power density measurements [Go to Page]
- B.4.1 Applicability of RF field strength and power density measurements
- B.4.2 In-situ RF exposure measurements [Go to Page]
- B.4.2.1 General requirements
- B.4.2.2 In-situ measurement equipment requirements
- B.4.2.3 Broadband in-situ measurements [Go to Page]
- B.4.2.3.1 Applicability of broadband in-situ measurements
- B.4.2.3.2 Broadband in-situ measurement method
- B.4.2.3.3 Interpreting measurements over multiple frequency bands [Go to Page]
- B.4.2.3.3.1 Flat frequency response probe
- B.4.2.3.3.2 Shaped frequency response probe
- B.4.2.4 Frequency selective in-situ measurements [Go to Page]
- B.4.2.4.1 Applicability of frequency selective in-situ measurements
- B.4.2.4.2 Frequency selective in-situ measurement method
- B.4.2.5 In-situ measurement procedures [Go to Page]
- B.4.2.5.1 Determining the RF field strength or power density at fixed evaluation points of interest
- B.4.2.5.2 Sweeping a volume to determine a RF field strength or power density value of interest and/or its location
- B.4.2.5.3 In-situ measurements using tripod-supported instrument/antenna
- B.4.2.5.4 In-situ measurements with emulated BS load profiles [Go to Page]
- B.4.2.5.4.1 General
- B.4.2.5.4.2 Measurement with high BS load profile
- B.4.2.6 Guidance on determining ambient fields [Go to Page]
- B.4.2.6.1 Overview
- B.4.2.6.2 Ambient radio source identification
- B.4.2.6.3 Selecting ambient field evaluation locationspoints [Go to Page]
- B.4.2.6.3.1 Collocated sources
- B.4.2.6.3.2 Remote sources
- B.4.2.6.3.3 Description
- B.4.2.6.4 Proof of non-collocated source evaluation location point selection criteria [Go to Page]
- B.4.2.6.4.1 Principles
- B.4.2.6.4.2 Establish criteria for separation of source evaluation locations points considering distance to radio source
- B.4.2.6.4.3 Establish criteria for separation of source evaluation locations points considering distance to radio source
- B.4.3 Laboratory based RF field strength and power density measurements [Go to Page]
- B.4.3.1 General
- B.4.3.2 Requirements [Go to Page]
- B.4.3.2.1 General requirements
- B.4.3.2.2 EUT configuration for RF field strength and power density measurements
- B.4.3.2.3 Measurement requirements
- B.4.3.3 Methods based on field reconstruction at the evaluation points [Go to Page]
- B.4.3.3.1 General
- B.4.3.3.2 Measurement equipment and test environment [Go to Page]
- B.4.3.3.2.1 General description
- B.4.3.3.2.2 Positioning, orientation, and sampling requirements of the scanning equipment
- B.4.3.3.2.3 Measurement probe
- B.4.3.3.2.4 Supporting structure of the EUT
- B.4.3.3.2.5 Test site
- B.4.3.3.3 Measurement protocol
- B.4.3.3.4 Post-processing [Go to Page]
- B.4.3.3.4.1 General
- B.4.3.3.4.2 Determining electromagnetic field values outside or inside the scanned surface
- B.4.3.3.4.3 Scaling measurements to a given input power
- B.4.3.4 Measurements based on direct measurements at the evaluation points [Go to Page]
- B.4.3.4.1 General
- B.4.3.4.2 Measurement equipment and test environment [Go to Page]
- B.4.3.4.2.1 General description
- B.4.3.4.2.2 Scanning equipment
- B.4.3.4.2.3 Measurement equipment
- B.4.3.4.2.4 Supporting structure for the EUT
- B.4.3.4.2.5 Test site
- B.4.3.4.3 Measurement protocol
- B.4.3.4.4 Post-processing
- B.4.3.5 System performance check
- B.4.4 RF field strength and power density measurement uncertainty [Go to Page]
- B.4.4.1 In-situ RF measurement uncertainty
- B.4.4.2 Laboratory measurement uncertainty [Go to Page]
- B.4.4.2.1 Uncertainty for the surface scanning method
- B.4.4.2.2 Uncertainty for surface or volume scans
- B.5 SAR measurements [Go to Page]
- B.5.1 Overview of SAR measurements
- B.5.2 SAR measurement requirements [Go to Page]
- B.5.2.1 General requirements
- B.5.2.2 Phantom selection [Go to Page]
- B.5.2.2.1 General
- B.5.2.2.2 EUT configuration for SAR measurement
- B.5.2.2.3 SAR measurement requirements
- B.5.3 SAR measurement description [Go to Page]
- B.5.3.1 General method
- B.5.3.2 System check and system validation
- B.5.3.3 Maximum peak spatial-average psSAR measurement description
- B.5.3.4 Whole-body wbSAR measurement description
- B.5.4 SAR measurement uncertainty
- B.6 Basic computation methods [Go to Page]
- B.6.1 General
- B.6.2 Basic computation formulas for RF field strength or power density evaluation [Go to Page]
- B.6.2.1 Overview of spherical and cylindrical formulas
- B.6.2.2 General guidelines
- B.6.2.3 Zone boundaries
- B.6.2.4 Adjusted spherical formulas
- B.6.2.5 Cylindrical formulas [Go to Page]
- B.6.2.5.1 General
- B.6.2.5.2 Cylindrical estimation formulas [Go to Page]
- B.6.2.5.2.1 Spatial-average cylindrical formulas
- B.6.2.5.2.2 Spatial-peak cylindrical formulas
- B.6.2.6 Validation of spherical and cylindrical formulas [Go to Page]
- B.6.2.6.1 General
- B.6.2.6.2 Validation of spherical formulas
- B.6.2.6.3 Validation of cylindrical formulas
- B.6.3 Basic whole-body wbSAR and peak spatial-average psSAR evaluation formulas [Go to Page]
- B.6.3.1 Applicability
- B.6.3.2 SAR estimation formulas applicable to the front (main beam) direction
- B.6.3.3 SAR estimation formulas applicable to the axial and back directions
- B.6.3.4 Using the SAR estimation formulas
- B.6.3.5 Input parameters for SAR estimation formulas
- B.6.3.6 SAR estimation formulas uncertainty
- B.6.3.7 Verification of SAR estimation formulas
- B.6.4 Basic compliance boundary assessment method for BS using parabolic dish antennas [Go to Page]
- B.6.4.1 General
- B.6.4.2 Compliance boundary of a dish antenna
- B.6.5 Basic compliance boundary assessment method for intentionally radiating cables
- B.7 Advanced computation methods [Go to Page]
- B.7.1 General
- B.7.2 Synthetic model and ray tracing algorithms [Go to Page]
- B.7.2.1 Applicability of synthetic model and ray tracing algorithms
- B.7.2.2 Input requirements for synthetic model and ray tracing algorithms
- B.7.2.3 Description of synthetic model and ray tracing algorithms
- B.7.2.4 Synthetic model and ray tracing uncertainty parameters
- B.7.2.5 Validation of synthetic model and ray tracing algorithms
- B.7.3 Full wave RF exposure computation [Go to Page]
- B.7.3.1 Full wave RF field strength / power density computation applicability
- B.7.3.2 Full wave RF field strength / power density computation requirements
- B.7.3.3 Full wave RF field strength / power density computation description
- B.7.3.4 Implementation of full wave field evaluation [Go to Page]
- B.7.3.4.1 Method of moments (MoM)
- B.7.3.4.2 Finite difference time domain (FDTD)
- B.7.3.4.3 Finite element method (FEM)
- B.7.3.5 Full wave RF field strength / power density computation uncertainty
- B.7.3.6 Validation of full wave field analyses [Go to Page]
- B.7.3.6.1 General
- B.7.3.6.2 Validation 1: Antenna with dipole radiators
- B.7.3.6.3 Validation 2: Antenna with slot elements
- B.7.3.6.4 Validation 3: Dipole radiators at 24 GHz
- B.7.4 Full wave SAR computation [Go to Page]
- B.7.4.1 Applicability of full wave methods for SAR evaluation
- B.7.4.2 Full wave SAR computation methods requirements
- B.7.4.3 Full wave SAR computation methods description
- B.7.4.4 Implementation of full wave SAR evaluation [Go to Page]
- B.7.4.4.1 General
- B.7.4.4.2 Method of moments (MoM) and hybrid methods
- B.7.4.4.3 Finite difference time domain (FDTD)
- B.7.4.4.4 Finite element method (FEM)
- B.7.4.5 Full wave SAR computation uncertainty
- B.7.4.6 Validation of SAR analysis
- B.8 Extrapolation from the evaluated values to the maximum or actual values [Go to Page]
- B.8.1 Extrapolation method
- B.8.2 Extrapolation to maximum in-situ RF field strength or power density using broadband measurements
- B.8.3 Extrapolation to maximum in-situ RF field strength / power density using frequency or code selective measurements
- B.8.4 Influence of traffic in real operating network
- B.8.5 Extrapolation for massive MIMO and beamforming BS [Go to Page]
- B.8.5.1 General
- B.8.5.2 Calculation of the extrapolation factor FextBeam
- B.8.5.3 Estimation of the extrapolation factor FextBeam
- B.8.6 Maximum exposure extrapolation with dynamic spectrum sharing (DSS)
- B.9 Guidance for implementing the actual maximum approach [Go to Page]
- B.9.1 BS actual EIRP evaluation assumptions
- B.9.2 Technology duty-cycle factor description
- B.9.3 CDF evaluation using modelling studies [Go to Page]
- B.9.3.1 Guiding principles
- B.9.3.2 Simulation model parameters
- B.9.4 CDF evaluation using measurement studies on operational BS sites [Go to Page]
- B.9.4.1 Guiding principles
- B.9.4.2 Measurement campaign parameters
- B.9.4.3 Experiment process
- B.9.5 Actual transmitted power or EIRP monitoring counters
- B.9.6 Configurations with multiple transmitters
- B.10 Transmitted power or EIRP evaluation [Go to Page]
- B.10.1 General
- B.10.2 Measurement of the transmitted power in conducted mode
- B.10.3 Measurement of the transmitted power in OTA conditions
- B.10.4 Measurement of the EIRP in OTA and laboratory conditions
- B.10.5 Measurement of the EIRP in OTA and in-situ conditions
- Annex C (informative) Guidelines for the validation of power or EIRP control features and monitoring counter(s) related to the actual maximum approach [Go to Page]
- C.1 Overview
- C.2 Guidelines for validating control feature(s) and monitoring counters
- C.3 Validation of power or EIRP monitoring counter in laboratory conditions [Go to Page]
- C.3.1 Validation of power or EIRP monitoring counter in conducted mode – test procedure [Go to Page]
- C.3.1.1 General
- C.3.1.2 Step 1 – Counter validation at the rated maximum power and determination of the reference power
- C.3.1.3 Step 2 – Counter validation for multiple configured maximum power values – power linearity
- C.3.1.4 Step 3 – Counter validation for multiple load levels – Time linearity
- C.3.1.5 Step 4 – Conclusion of the counter validation
- C.3.2 Validation of power or EIRP monitoring counter in OTA mode – test procedure [Go to Page]
- C.3.2.1 General
- C.3.2.2 Step 1 – Counter validation at rated maximum power and determination of the reference power
- C.3.2.3 Step 2 – Counter validation for multiple configured maximum power values – power or EIRP linearity
- C.3.2.4 Step 3 – Counter validation for multiple load levels – time linearity
- C.3.2.5 Step 4 – Conclusion of the validation
- C.3.3 Validation of control feature(s) in laboratory conditions [Go to Page]
- C.3.3.1 General
- C.3.3.2 OTA test procedure [Go to Page]
- C.3.3.2.1 General
- C.3.3.2.2 Step 1 – Baseline assessment without the control feature activated
- C.3.3.2.3 Step 2 – Power or EIRP control feature activation
- C.3.3.2.4 Step 3 – Validation with power or EIRP control feature activated
- C.3.3.2.5 Step 4 – Control feature validation at additional configurations (power reduction factors, actual averaging times and traffic patterns)
- C.3.3.3 Validation of proper operation
- C.3.4 Validation of control features using in-situ measurements [Go to Page]
- C.3.4.1 General
- C.3.4.2 Test procedure [Go to Page]
- C.3.4.2.1 General
- C.3.4.2.2 Step 1 – Instantaneous and time-averaged EMF levels at configured maximum power and intermediate levels
- C.3.4.2.3 Step 2 – Power or EIRP control activation
- C.3.4.2.4 Step 3 – Instantaneous and time-averaged EMF levels with control activated at configured maximum power and intermediate load levels
- C.3.4.2.5 Step 4 – Instantaneous and time-averaged EMF levels with power control activated with considerations for power threshold, actual averaging times and traffic patterns
- C.3.4.2.6 Step 5 – Validation of features that support power or EIRP control per beam or per cell segment
- C.3.4.3 Validation of proper operation
- C.4 Validation test report
- C.5 Case studies [Go to Page]
- C.5.1 Case study A – In-situ validation [Go to Page]
- C.5.1.1 Overview
- C.5.1.2 Pre-test setup and preparation
- C.5.1.3 Test setup
- C.5.1.4 Results
- C.5.1.5 Summary
- C.5.2 Case study B – In-situ validation [Go to Page]
- C.5.2.1 Overview
- C.5.2.2 Pre-test setup and preparation [Go to Page]
- C.5.2.2.1 Method
- C.5.2.2.2 EMF measurement equipment
- C.5.2.2.3 5G NR
- C.5.2.3 Test setup
- C.5.2.4 Results
- C.5.2.5 Summary
- C.5.3 Case study C – In-situ validation [Go to Page]
- C.5.3.1 Overview
- C.5.3.2 Pre-test setup and preparation
- C.5.3.3 Test protocol
- C.5.3.4 Test results
- C.5.3.5 Summary and lessons learned
- Annex D (informative) Rationale supporting simplified product installation criteria [Go to Page]
- D.1 General
- D.2 Class E2
- D.3 Class E10
- D.4 Class E100
- D.5 Class E+
- D.6 Simplified formulas for millimetre-wave antennas using massive MIMO or beam steering
- Annex E (informative) Technology-specific exposure evaluation guidance [Go to Page]
- E.1 Overview to guidance on specific technologies
- E.2 Summary of technology-specific information
- E.3 Guidance on spectrum analyser settings [Go to Page]
- E.3.1 Overview of spectrum analyser settings
- E.3.2 Detection algorithms
- E.3.3 Resolution bandwidth and channel power processing [Go to Page]
- E.3.3.1 Measurement at a single frequency
- E.3.3.2 Measurement over a bandwidth and channel power processing
- E.3.4 Integration per service [Go to Page]
- E.3.4.1 General
- E.3.4.2 Example of settings
- E.4 Stable transmitted power signals [Go to Page]
- E.4.1 TDMA/FDMA technology
- E.4.2 WCDMA/UMTS technology
- E.4.3 OFDM technology
- E.5 WCDMA measurement and calibration using a code domain analyser [Go to Page]
- E.5.1 WCDMA measurements – General
- E.5.2 WCDMA decoder characteristics
- E.5.3 Calibration [Go to Page]
- E.5.3.1 Signal types used for calibration
- E.5.3.2 Source (generator) calibration
- E.5.3.3 WCDMA decoder calibration
- E.6 Wi-Fi measurements [Go to Page]
- E.6.1 General
- E.6.2 Integration time for reproducible measurements
- E.6.3 Channel occupation
- E.6.4 Some considerations
- E.6.5 Measurement configuration and steps
- E.6.6 Influence of the application layers
- E.6.7 Power control
- E.7 LTE measurements [Go to Page]
- E.7.1 Overview
- E.7.2 LTE transmission modes
- E.7.3 LTE-FDD frame structure
- E.7.4 LTE-TDD frame structure
- E.7.5 Maximum LTE exposure evaluation [Go to Page]
- E.7.5.1 General
- E.7.5.2 Method using a dedicated decoder
- E.7.5.3 Method using a basic spectrum analyser
- E.7.5.4 Method for beamforming antennas
- E.7.6 Instantaneous LTE exposure evaluation
- E.7.7 MIMO multiplexing of LTE BS
- E.8 NR BS measurements [Go to Page]
- E.8.1 General
- E.8.2 Maximum NR exposure evaluation [Go to Page]
- E.8.2.1 NR signal extrapolation based on SSB [Go to Page]
- E.8.2.1.1 General
- E.8.2.1.2 Method using a dedicated NR decoder
- E.8.2.1.3 Method using a spectrum analyser [Go to Page]
- E.8.2.1.3.1 SSB mapping
- E.8.2.1.3.2 SSB gating
- E.8.2.1.4 Method for beamforming antennas
- E.8.2.2 NR exposure extrapolation based on CSI-RS [Go to Page]
- E.8.2.2.1 Domain of application
- E.8.2.2.2 CSI-RS configuration of the BS
- E.8.2.2.3 Measurement method using a dedicated decoder
- E.9 Establishing compliance boundaries using numerical simulations of MIMO array antennas emitting correlated waveforms [Go to Page]
- E.9.1 General
- E.9.2 Field combining near base stations for correlated exposure with the purpose of establishing compliance boundaries
- E.9.3 Numerical simulations of MIMO array antennas with densely packed columns
- E.9.4 Numerical simulations of large MIMO array antennas
- E.10 Massive MIMO antennas [Go to Page]
- E.10.1 Overview
- E.10.2 Deterministic conservative approach
- E.10.3 Statistical conservative approach
- E.10.4 Example approaches [Go to Page]
- E.10.4.1 General
- E.10.4.2 Deterministic conservative power density model
- E.10.4.3 Long term time-average power density model
- E.10.4.4 Statistical conservative power density model [Go to Page]
- E.10.4.4.1 Overview
- E.10.4.4.2 Establishing the single user conservative power density
- E.10.4.4.3 Determining horizontal gain modification factors
- E.10.4.4.4 Determining N
- E.10.4.4.5 Determining Ssta
- E.10.4.5 Power density evaluation for LTE-TDD [Go to Page]
- E.10.4.5.1 Overview
- E.10.4.5.2 Determining power density of traffic channel [Go to Page]
- E.10.4.5.2.1 Traffic channel power density distribution
- E.10.4.5.2.2 Ratios of the three types of TS
- E.10.4.5.2.3 Control channel power density distribution
- E.10.4.5.2.4 Summary
- E.10.4.5.3 Example of a massive MIMO antenna
- E.10.4.6 Power density evaluation for NR BS [Go to Page]
- E.10.4.6.1 General
- E.10.4.6.2 Determining power density of traffic channel [Go to Page]
- E.10.4.6.2.1 Traffic channel power density distribution
- E.10.4.6.2.2 Control channel power density
- E.10.4.6.2.3 Summary
- E.10.4.6.3 Case study for power density evaluation for NR BS
- E.10.4.7 Actual maximum transmitted power evaluation
- Annex F (informative) Guidelines for the assessment of BS compliance with ICNIRP-2020 brief exposure limits [Go to Page]
- F.1 General
- F.2 Brief exposure limits
- F.3 Implications of brief exposure limits on signal modulation and TDD duty cycle
- F.4 Implications of brief exposure limits on the actual maximum approach
- Annex G (informative) Uncertainty [Go to Page]
- G.1 Background
- G.2 Requirement to estimate uncertainty
- G.3 How to estimate uncertainty
- G.4 Guidance on uncertainty and assessment schemes [Go to Page]
- G.4.1 General
- G.4.2 Overview of assessment schemes
- G.4.3 Examples of assessment schemes [Go to Page]
- G.4.3.1 Examples of general assessment schemes
- G.4.3.2 Example target uncertainty-based assessment scheme [Go to Page]
- G.4.3.2.1 Target uncertainty assessment scheme principles
- G.4.3.2.2 Determining the target uncertainty
- G.4.3.2.3 Assessment of compliance with an exposure limit [Go to Page]
- G.4.3.2.3.1 Overview
- G.4.3.2.3.2 Method
- G.4.4 Assessment schemes and compliance probabilities [Go to Page]
- G.4.4.1 Assessment scheme uncertainty and compliance probabilities overview
- G.4.4.2 Monte Carlo simulation of target uncertainty-based assessment scheme
- G.4.4.3 Compliance error probability simulation
- G.5 Guidance on uncertainty [Go to Page]
- G.5.1 Overview
- G.5.2 Measurement uncertainty and confidence levels
- G.6 Applying uncertainty for compliance assessments
- G.7 Example influence quantities for field measurements [Go to Page]
- G.7.1 General
- G.7.2 Calibration uncertainty of measurement antenna or field probe
- G.7.3 Frequency response of the measurement antenna or field probe
- G.7.4 Isotropy of the measurement antenna or field probe
- G.7.5 Frequency response of the spectrum analyser
- G.7.6 Temperature response of a broadband field probe
- G.7.7 Linearity deviation of a broadband field probe
- G.7.8 Mismatch uncertainty
- G.7.9 Deviation of the experimental source from numerical source
- G.7.10 Meter fluctuation uncertainty for time-varying signals
- G.7.11 Uncertainty due to power variation in the RF source
- G.7.12 Uncertainty due to field gradients [Go to Page]
- G.7.12.1 General
- G.7.12.2 Uncertainty due to field gradients when using dipoles
- G.7.12.3 Uncertainty due to field gradients when using loop antennas
- G.7.13 Mutual coupling between measurement antenna or isotropic probe and object
- G.7.14 Uncertainty due to field scattering from the surveyor’s body
- G.7.15 Measurement device
- G.7.16 Fields out of measurement range
- G.7.17 Noise
- G.7.18 Integration time
- G.7.19 Power chain
- G.7.20 Positioning system
- G.7.21 Matching between probe and the EUT
- G.7.22 Drifts in output power of the EUT, probe, temperature, and humidity
- G.7.23 Perturbation by the environment
- G.8 Example influence quantities for RF field strength computations by ray tracing or full wave methods [Go to Page]
- G.8.1 General
- G.8.2 System [Go to Page]
- G.8.2.1 Transmitted power
- G.8.2.2 System losses
- G.8.2.3 Antenna
- G.8.2.4 Modelling of antenna structures and supports
- G.8.3 Technique uncertainties
- G.8.4 Environmental uncertainties
- G.9 Influence quantities for SAR measurements [Go to Page]
- G.9.1 General
- G.9.2 Post-processing
- G.9.3 EUT holder [Go to Page]
- G.9.3.1 General
- G.9.3.2 EUT holder perturbation uncertainty for specific types of EUTs: type A
- G.9.3.3 EUT holder perturbation uncertainty for a specific EUT: type B
- G.9.4 EUT positioning [Go to Page]
- G.9.4.1 General
- G.9.4.2 Positioning uncertainty of a specific EUT in a specific holder
- G.9.4.3 Positioning uncertainty of specific types of EUTs in a specific holder
- G.9.5 Phantom shell uncertainty
- G.9.6 SAR correction depending on target liquid permittivity and conductivity
- G.9.7 Liquid permittivity and conductivity measurements
- G.9.8 Liquid temperature
- G.10 Influence quantities for SAR calculations
- G.11 Spatial averaging [Go to Page]
- G.11.1 General
- G.11.2 Small-scale fading variations
- G.11.3 Error on the estimation of local average power density [Go to Page]
- G.11.3.1 Definition of the error on estimated average power density
- G.11.3.2 Determination of significant statistical parameters
- G.11.3.3 Estimation of the error on the estimation of local average power density
- G.11.4 Characterization of environment statistical properties
- G.11.5 Characterization of different spatial averaging schemes [Go to Page]
- G.11.5.1 General
- G.11.5.2 Example of uncertainty assessment
- G.12 Influence of human body on measurements of the electric RF field strength [Go to Page]
- G.12.1 Simulations of the influence of human body on measurements based on the method of moments (surface equivalence principle) [Go to Page]
- G.12.1.1 Background
- G.12.1.2 Simulation parameters
- G.12.1.3 Results of electrical probe simulations
- G.12.2 Comparison with measurements
- G.12.3 Conclusions
- Annex H (informative) Guidance on comparing evaluated parameters with a limit value [Go to Page]
- H.1 Overview
- H.2 Information recommended to compare evaluated value against limit value
- H.3 Performing a limit comparison at a given confidence level
- H.4 Performing a limit comparison using a process-based assessment scheme
- Bibliography [Go to Page]
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