Security check![](/assets/images/x.png)
Please login to your personal account to use this feature.
Please login to your authorized staff account to use this feature.
Are you sure you want to empty the cart?
![](/assets/images/159.gif)
Guide for Resilient Energy Systems Design in Hot and Humid Climates, 2023
- Guide for Resilient Energy Systems
Design in Hot and Humid Climates [Go to Page]
- Table of Contents
- Appendices
- Figures and Tables
- Foreword
- Acknowledgments
- Chapter 1. INTRODUCTION [Go to Page]
- 1.1. Geographical Areas
- 1.2. Hazards Specific to Construction in Hot, Humid Climates [Go to Page]
- 1.2.1. High Ambient Temperature, Humidity, and Dewpoint
- 1.2.2. Intense Rain Periods
- 1.2.3. Monsoons
- 1.2.4. Tropical Storms, Typhoons, and Hurricanes
- 1.2.5. Storm Surges
- 1.2.6. Floods
- 1.2.7. High Water Table
- 1.2.8. Seismic Considerations
- 1.3. Special Issues Related to Coastal Areas [Go to Page]
- 1.3.1. Tsunamis
- 1.3.2. Prolonged Elevated Temperatures
- 1.3.3. Salt-Laden Air
- 1.3.4. Severe Tidal Fluctuations
- 1.4. Major Issues Affecting Building Sustainability in Hot and Humid Climates [Go to Page]
- 1.4.1. Mold Considerations [Go to Page]
- Health Effects of Toxigenic Molds and Mycotoxins. [Go to Page]
- Type-1 Allergy or Immediate Type Hypersensitivity
- Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity Reaction.
- Infection
- Mucous Membrane and Trigeminal Nerve Irritation
- Adverse Reactions to Odor or Pseudo Allergy.
- Toxicity or Neurotoxicity by Molds and Mycotoxins
- Immunotoxicity Induced by Molds and Mycotoxins
- Conclusions
- 1.4.2. Water Control
- 1.4.3. Vapor Control
- 1.5. Corrosion [Go to Page]
- 1.5.1. Introduction
- 1.5.2. Effect of Distance to the Ocean on Corrosion Rates
- 1.5.3. Building Envelopes [Go to Page]
- Doors and Windows
- Concrete [Go to Page]
- Corrosion of Steel-Reinforced Concrete in Coastal and Inland Environments
- Chloride Distribution within the Concrete Cover
- Causes of Chloride Attack on Concrete Structures
- Carbonation Attack
- Causes of Carbonation of Concrete Structures
- Sulfate Attack [Go to Page]
- Causes of Sulfate Attack
- Sources of Sulfate Attack
- Reactions of Sulfate Attack on Concrete
- HVAC and Controls
- Cooling Energy Generation, Storage, and Distribution
- 1.6. Conclusions
- Chapter 2. REQUIREMENTS FOR BUILDING THERMAL CONDITIONS UNDER NORMAL (BLUE SKY) AND EMERGENCY (BLACK SKY) OPERATIONS IN HOT AND HUMID CLIMATE [Go to Page]
- 2.1. Introduction
- 2.2. Normal (Blue Sky) Operating Conditions [Go to Page]
- 2.2.1. Data and Electronic Equipment Centers
- 2.2.2. Healthcare Facilities
- 2.3. Emergency (Black Sky) Operating Conditions
- 2.4. Thermal Requirements for Unoccupied Spaces
- 2.5. Recommendations
- Chapter 3. PARAMETERS FOR THERMAL ENERGY SYSTEM RESILIENCE [Go to Page]
- 3.1. Introduction
- 3.2. Energy System Resilience Metrics
- 3.3. Maximum Allowable Downtime
- Chapter 4. BUILDING ENCLOSURE [Go to Page]
- 4.1. Introduction
- 4.2. Typical Construction Archetypes
- 4.3. Building Energy Requirements
- 4.4. Building Science Primer – Review of the Building Enclosure [Go to Page]
- 4.4.1. Water Control
- 4.4.2. Air Control (Airtightness) [Go to Page]
- Overview
- Requirements for the Air Barrier
- Ensuring Airtightness in Hot and Humid Climates
- 4.4.3. Thermal Insulation Control Layer
- 4.4.4. Vapor Control
- 4.5. Roof, Wall, and Floor Assemblies [Go to Page]
- 4.5.1. Roofs
- 4.5.2. Walls [Go to Page]
- Interior Walls between Mission-Critical Spaces
- 4.5.3. Slabs on Grade [Go to Page]
- Other Measures to Prevent or Reduce Water from Entering at or Below Grade
- 4.6. Fenestration [Go to Page]
- 4.6.1. Frame
- 4.6.2. Glazing
- 4.6.3. Water and Air Control at Fenestration
- 4.7. Building Enclosure Design Considerations for Corrosion Prevention [Go to Page]
- 4.7.1. Geometries
- 4.7.2. Coatings
- 4.7.3. Material Selection
- 4.7.4. Dissimilar Metals
- 4.7.5. Design Methods for Corrosion Prevention and Control in Steel-Reinforced Concrete Structures in Hot-Humid Coastal and Inland Environments
- 4.7.6. Achieving Service Life by Design
- 4.7.7. Site History and Environmental Survey
- 4.7.8. Design Considerations
- 4.7.9. Selection of Construction Materials
- 4.7.10. Preventive Measures Applied to Concrete
- 4.7.11. Preventive Measures for Reinforcing Steel
- 4.7.12. Concrete Compaction (Recast from App C)
- 4.8. Hot Weather Concrete Construction – Things To Consider about Hot Weather Concreting [Go to Page]
- 4.8.1. Setting Time
- 4.8.2. Rehabilitation/Prevention of Rebar Corrosion in Existing Concrete Structures Located in Hot-Humid Coastal/Inland Environments [Go to Page]
- Corrosion Assessment of Existing Concrete Deterioration
- Corrosion Prevention Technologies for Existing Concrete Structures
- Conclusions
- 4.9. Retrofits for Energy and Durability [Go to Page]
- 4.9.1. Improving Airtightness
- 4.9.2. Window Retrofits
- 4.9.3. Enclosure Retrofits
- 4.10. Construction Details
- 4.11. Window Details [Go to Page]
- 4.11.1. Roof to Wall Transition Details
- 4.11.2. Concrete Slab/Foundation to Above-Grade Wall Transition
- 4.12. Conclusions
- HEATING, VENTILATION, AND AIR-CONDITIONING CONSIDERATIONS FOR HOT AND HUMID CLIMATES [Go to Page]
- 5.1. Introduction [Go to Page]
- 5.1.1. Issues of Importance that Are Not HHC Specific
- 5.1.2. Issues of Importance to HHC
- 5.2. HVAC Issues Related to Hot and Humid Climates [Go to Page]
- 5.2.1. Definitions of Terms Used in Chapter 5
- 5.2.2. Infiltration and Building Pressurization
- 5.2.3. Control of Indoor Air Dewpoint Temperature [Go to Page]
- Dewpoint Temperature and Specific Humidity
- Water Activity and Equilibrium Relative Humidity
- Outdoor Design Conditions
- 5.2.4. Corrosive Environments
- 5.3. Design Solutions for HVAC in HHC [Go to Page]
- 5.3.1. Determining Pressurization Requirements and Outside Airflow
- 5.3.2. Determining Required Outside Air Supply Conditions
- 5.3.3. Outside Air-Conditioning and Delivery to Building and Building Zones/Spaces [Go to Page]
- Energy Recovery from Exhaust
- Chilled-Water Energy Recovery
- Liquid Desiccant Dehumidifier
- 5.3.4. Plant System Selections – Direct Expansion vs. Chilled-Water Systems
- 5.3.5. Central Systems
- 5.3.6. Zone System Selections
- 5.3.7. Other HVAC System Considerations [Go to Page]
- Seal Ductwork
- Cold Ductwork
- 5.4. Controls and Modes of Operation in Normal (Blue Sky) & Off-Emergency (Black Sky) Conditions [Go to Page]
- 5.4.1. Normal (Blue Sky) Operation
- 5.4.2. Emergency (Black Sky) Operation
- 5.5. Energy-Efficient Design in HHC [Go to Page]
- 5.5.1. Thermal Energy Storage
- 5.5.2. Thermal Energy Sinks and Sources
- 5.6. General Considerations [Go to Page]
- 5.6.1. Refrigerants
- 5.6.2. Space and Site Availability
- 5.6.3. Synergies
- 5.6.4. Anti-Synergies
- 5.7. Summary [Go to Page]
- 5.7.1. Pressurize the Building
- 5.7.2. Control and Keep the Indoor Dewpoint Temperature Low
- 5.7.3. Design and Specify Outdoor Equipment Located in Sea Coast Environments for Resilience
- 5.7.4. Conclusion
- Chapter 6. DISTRICT COOLING SYSTEMS [Go to Page]
- 6.1. System Design and Operation
- 6.2. Cooling Supply Flexibility
- 6.3. Resilience Enhancing Operation
- 6.4. Cooling Generation and Supply [Go to Page]
- 6.4.1. Heat Pumps/Chillers
- 6.4.2. Free Cooling
- 6.4.3. Deep-Water Cooling
- 6.4.4. Shallow Water Cooling
- 6.4.5. Combined Cooling, Heat, and Electricity
- 6.4.6. Combined Cooling, Heat, and Power (CCHP) Resilient Design
- 6.4.7. Emergency Generation and Mobile Chillers
- 6.5. Thermal Energy Storage [Go to Page]
- 6.5.1. Types of Thermal Energy Storage [Go to Page]
- Thermal Energy Storage Connection Principles
- Operation in a Corrosive Environment
- Economics of Thermal Energy Storage
- Application of Thermal Energy Storage
- 6.5.2. Economic Considerations
- 6.5.3. Emergency Operation
- 6.6. Distribution Network [Go to Page]
- 6.6.1. Meshed Network Layout and Pump Strategy
- 6.6.2. Strategic Location of Shutoff Valves
- 6.6.3. Fault Detection and Preventive Maintenance
- 6.6.4. District Cooling Interface Units
- 6.6.5. Building Cooling System
- 6.7. Case Studies [Go to Page]
- 6.7.1. Case Study 1 – Taarnby District Cooling, Copenhagen
- 6.7.2. Case Study 2 – Bora Bora SWAC
- 6.7.3. Case Study 3 – Toronto Lake Source Cooling
- 6.7.4. Case Study 4 – Bahrain District Cooling
- 6.8. Conclusions
- Chapter 7. EVALUATION OF MAXIMUM TIME TO REPAIR [Go to Page]
- 7.1. Introduction
- 7.2. Input Used for the Analysis of Indoor Air Thresholds [Go to Page]
- 7.2.1. Habitability – How Long Can Mission Be Sustained by Personnel
- 7.2.2. Process Requirements – Equipment
- 7.2.3. Sustainability of the Building Structure
- 7.3. Parametric Study [Go to Page]
- 7.3.1. Weather Data
- 7.3.2. Loads
- 7.3.3. Building Zones
- 7.3.4. Results
- 7.4. Supporting Study of Education Center Building [Go to Page]
- 7.4.1. Introduction
- 7.4.2. Parameters and Passive Strategies Tested
- 7.4.3. Model Inputs and Assumptions
- 7.4.4. Study Parameters
- 7.4.5. Passive Design Strategies
- 7.4.6. Results [Go to Page]
- Results of a Power Outage at the Highest Latent Week
- Results of a Power Outage at the Highest Sensible Temperature Week
- 7.4.7. Conclusions
- REFERENCES
- ACRONYMS [Go to Page]
- Appendix A. Building Construction Types
- Appendix B. Application Procedures for Surface-Applied Corrosion Inhibitor and Sacrificial Cathodic Corrosion Protection Coating Technologies [Go to Page]
- B.1. Building 306, Ring Girder Side 1 (Surtreat) Surface Preparation
- B.2. Corrosion Inhibitor System Application to Ring Girder Side 1 [Go to Page]
- B.2.1. Organic Vapor Phase Corrosion Inhibitor and Inorganic Migratory Corrosion
- B.2.2. Installation of the Titanium Mesh Component of the LGC [Go to Page]
- Appendix C. Selected HVAC Technologies for Hot and Humid Climates [Go to Page]
- C.1. Forced-Air Systems
- C.2. Dedicated Outside Air System (DOAS)
- C.3. Condenser-Water Energy Recovery
- Appendix D. Mass Building Cooling Failure Results
- Blank Page [Go to Page]