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eLibrary > ASCE/EWRI Standard 78-24: Guidelines for the Physical Security of Water and Wastewater/Stormwater Utilities >

ASCE/EWRI Standard 78-24: Guidelines for the Physical Security of Water and Wastewater/Stormwater Utilities, 2024

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ASCE/EWRI Standard 78-24: Guidelines for the Physical Security of Water and Wastewater/Stormwater Utilities, 2024

Guidelines for the Physical Security of Water and Wastewater/Stormwater Utilities
CONTENTS
PREFACE
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
CHAPTER 1: OVERVIEW OF GUIDELINES [Go to Page]
1.1 Scope
1.2 Purpose of the Guidelines
1.3 Background of the Initial Development
1.4 Use of These Guidelines
1.5 Glossary and Abbreviations
CHAPTER 2: APPLICATION OF GUIDELINES [Go to Page]
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Cumulative Defense Strategy
2.3 Critical Asset Identification
2.4 Consequence Identification: Critical Asset Breach
2.5 Scenario Identification: Attack Vectors [Go to Page]
2.5.1 Adversary on Foot
2.5.2 Vehicle Ramming Breach
2.5.3 Vehicle-Borne Improvised Explosive Device
2.5.4 Adversarial Use of Maritime Vehicles
2.5.5 Adversarial Use of Unmanned (Uncrewed) Aircraft Systems
2.5.5.1 Unmanned (Uncrewed) Aircraft System Surveillance
2.5.5.2 Unmanned (Uncrewed) Aircraft System Data Sniffing
2.5.5.3 Unmanned (Uncrewed) Aircraft System Weaponization
2.6 Path Analysis
2.7 Difficulty Identification [Go to Page]
2.7.1 Defense Layer
2.7.2 Defense Layer Elements
2.7.2.1 Approach Zone
2.7.2.2 Perimeter
2.7.2.3 Personnel Gates
2.7.2.4 Vehicle Gates
2.7.2.5 Sallyports
2.7.2.6 Detection Line
2.7.2.7 Observation Zone
2.7.2.8 Facility Exterior Ingress
2.7.2.9 Facility Interior
2.7.2.10 Critical Asset Ingress
2.7.3 Characteristics of Countermeasures
2.7.3.1 Deter
2.7.3.2 Detect
2.7.3.3 Observe
2.7.3.4 Delay
2.7.3.5 Deny
2.7.3.6 Respond
2.7.4 Importance of the Mathematical Analysis of Defense Strategy and Countermeasures Methodology
2.8 Vulnerability Determination
2.9 Response Evaluation
2.10 Cost-Benefit Analysis
2.11 Risk Management [Go to Page]
2.11.1 Risk Mitigation
2.11.2 Transferring the Risk
2.11.3 Risk Acceptance
CHAPTER 3: DETERMINING DIFFICULTY OF PHYSICAL SECURITY COUNTERMEASURES [Go to Page]
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Probability of Success of a Given Threat (PS|T)
3.3 Mathematical Analysis of Defense Strategy and Countermeasures Methodology
3.4 Minimum Difficulty Threshold
3.5 Site-Specific Model Calibration
3.6 Calculating Degree of Difficulty to Compromise Countermeasures
3.7 Expanded Cost-Benefit Analysis Discussion
APPENDIX A: PHYSICAL SECURITY COUNTERMEASURES [Go to Page]
A.1 FENCING AND PERIMETER WALLS [Go to Page]
A.1.1 Chain-Link Fencing
A.1.2 Anti-Climb/Anti-Cut Fencing
A.1.3 Ornamental Fencing
A.1.4 Perimeter Wall
A.1.5 Fence Topping
A.1.6 Perimeter Line
A.1.7 Fence Foundation Enhancements
A.2 GATES [Go to Page]
A.2.1 Chain-Link Gates
A.2.2 Electronic Gate Opening
A.2.3 Electronic Gate Control System
A.2.4 K-rated Gates
A.3 SIGNAGE [Go to Page]
A.3.1 Fence Signage
A.3.2 Primary Site Entrance Signage
A.3.3 Water Intake Delineation
A.4 OUTDOOR SECURITY LIGHTING
A.5 BOLLARDS AND OTHER VEHICLE BARRIERS [Go to Page]
A.5.1 Speed Reduction Techniques
A.5.1.1 Reverse Pitch Corner
A.5.1.2 Tight-Angled Entry
A.5.1.3 Staggered Barriers
A.5.1.4 Approach Straightaway Distance
A.5.2 Entry and Exit Vehicle Flow Control
A.5.2.1 Sallyport
A.5.2.2 Barriers Separating Entry and Exit Driveways
A.5.2.3 Single Entry and Exit Points to Facility Parking Areas
A.5.3 Full Perimeter Vehicle Barrier
A.5.4 Facility Barrier Protection
A.5.4.1 Parking Lot Standoff Distance
A.5.4.2 Barrier between Parking Areas and the Facility
A.6 Open Space (Observation Zone) [Go to Page]
A.6.1 Open Space between Detection Line and the Facility
A.7 ELECTRONIC SECURITY SYSTEMS [Go to Page]
A.7.1 Intrusion Detection Sensors: General
A.7.2 Exterior Intrusion Detection
A.7.2.1 Active Infrared Sensors
A.7.2.2 Microwave Sensors
A.7.2.3 Dual-Technology Sensors
A.7.2.4 Buried Line Sensors
A.7.2.5 Fence-Mounted Sensors
A.7.2.6 Thermal Cameras
A.7.2.7 Ground Radar
A.7.3 Interior Intrusion Detection
A.7.3.1 Dual-Technology Motion Sensors
A.7.3.2 Linear Beam Sensors
A.7.3.3 Glass-Break Sensors
A.7.4 Door and Hatch Contact Alarm Switches
A.7.5 Pipeline Vibration Detection
A.8 PHYSICAL ACCESS CONTROL SYSTEMS [Go to Page]
A.8.1 Access Control Systems: General
A.8.2 Locks and Padlocks
A.8.3 Numeric Keypad Locks
A.8.4 Card Reader Systems
A.8.5 Dual-Factor Authentication
A.8.6 Multifactor Authentication
A.9 SURVEILLANCE CAMERAS [Go to Page]
A.9.1 General Considerations
A.9.2 Field of View
A.9.3 Housing and Mounts
A.9.4 Video Network Servers
A.9.5 Digital Video Recorders
A.9.6 Unified Video Management System
A.9.7 Video Analytics
A.9.8 Restricted Surveillance Equipment Vendors
A.10 FACILITY HARDENING [Go to Page]
A.10.1 General
A.10.2 Exterior Hardening
A.10.2.1 Doors
A.10.2.2 Security Grilles
A.10.2.3 Security Cages
A.10.2.4 Valve Operators
A.10.2.5 Roof or Sidewalk Hatches
A.10.2.6 Roof Vents
A.10.2.7 Vault Hatch with Elevated Curb
A.10.2.8 Vault Door Hatch Set Flush with Top of a Structural Slab
A.10.2.9 Blast Rated Exterior
A.10.3 Interior Hardening
A.10.3.1 Doors
A.10.3.2 Walls
A.10.3.3 Windows
A.10.3.4 HVAC Ducts
A.11 Intrusion Notification Systems [Go to Page]
A.11.1 Mass Notification Systems
A.11.2 Alarms, Sirens, Signal Lighting, and Strobes
A.12 Tactical Deterrence [Go to Page]
A.12.1 Human Capital
A.12.2 Trained Animals
A.12.3 Long-Range Acoustic Device
A.12.4 Targeted Illumination
A.13 SECURITY, CONTROLS, AND SCADA WIRING [Go to Page]
A.13.1 SCADA and Electrical Control Panel Enclosures
A.13.2 IT Equipment Enclosures
A.14 ONLINE WATER QUALITY MONITORING
A.15 CHEMICAL FILL-LINE LOCKING DEVICES
A.16 HYDRANTS
A.17 MANHOLES
A.18 SITE UTILITIES
APPENDIX B: PHYSICAL SECURITY COUNTERMEASURE REFERENCE TABLES with TYPICAL APPLICATION DRAWINGS [Go to Page]
B.1 Introduction
B.2 Countermeasure Reference Table Matrix
B.3 Countermeasure Reference Tables Overview
APPENDIX C: SYSTEM FACILITIES SCOPE AND MISSION [Go to Page]
C.1 Introduction
C.2 Water Treatment Plants [Go to Page]
C.2.1 Scope
C.2.2 Mission
C.3 Raw Water Facilities [Go to Page]
C.3.1 Scope
C.3.2 Mission
C.4 Wells and Pumping Stations [Go to Page]
C.4.1 Scope
C.4.2 Mission
C.5 Water System Support Facilities [Go to Page]
C.5.1 Scope
C.5.2 Mission
C.6 Finished Water Storage Facilities [Go to Page]
C.6.1 Scope
C.6.2 Mission
C.7 Water Distribution Systems [Go to Page]
C.7.1 Scope
C.7.2 Mission
C.8 Wastewater/Stormwater Treatment Plants [Go to Page]
C.8.1 Scope
C.8.2 Mission
C.9 Collection Systems [Go to Page]
C.9.1 Scope
C.9.2 Mission
C.10 Pumping Stations [Go to Page]
C.10.1 Scope
C.10.2 Mission
C.11 Wastewater/Stormwater System Support Facilities [Go to Page]
C.11.1 Scope
C.11.2 Mission
References
Index [Go to Page]

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