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ASCE/SEI Standard 74-23 - Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) for Pultruded Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP) Structures -, 2023
- Load and ResistanceFactor Design (LRFD)for Pultruded FiberReinforced Polymer(FRP) Structures
- CONTENTS
- PREFACE
- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
- CHAPTER 1: GENERAL PROVISIONS [Go to Page]
- 1.1 Scope [Go to Page]
- 1.1.1 Applicability and Exclusions
- 1.1.2 Maximum Service Temperature
- 1.1.3 Units
- 1.2 Reference Standards, Specifications, and Codes
- 1.3 Materials [Go to Page]
- 1.3.1 FRP Constituent Materials
- 1.3.2 Physical and Mechanical Properties of Pultruded FRP Products
- 1.3.2.1
- 1.3.2.2
- 1.3.2.3
- 1.3.3 Fire, Smoke, and Toxicity
- 1.3.4 Durability and Environmental Effects
- 1.3.4.1
- 1.3.4.2
- 1.3.4.3
- 1.3.5 Impact Tolerance
- 1.4 Design Basis [Go to Page]
- 1.4.1 Limit States Design
- 1.4.2 General Analysis Requirements
- 1.4.3 Design for Strength
- 1.4.4 Design for Serviceability
- 1.4.5 Seismic Design
- 1.5 Loads and Load Combinations [Go to Page]
- 1.5.1 Nominal Loads
- 1.5.2 Load Combinations for Strength Limit States
- 1.5.3 Load Combinations for Serviceability Limit States
- 1.5.4 General Structural Integrity
- 1.6 Structural Design Drawings and Specifications
- 1.7 Fabrication, Construction, and Quality Assurance [Go to Page]
- 1.7.1 Shop and Construction Drawings
- 1.7.2 Fabrication and Construction
- 1.7.3 Quality Assurance and Control
- CHAPTER 2: DESIGN REQUIREMENTS [Go to Page]
- 2.1 Scope
- 2.2 Properties of Sections
- 2.3 Design Strength [Go to Page]
- 2.3.1 Basic Strength Requirement
- 2.3.2 Prequalified Fiber Reinforced Polymer Building Products
- 2.4 Nominal Strength and Stiffness [Go to Page]
- 2.4.1 Nominal Strength
- 2.4.2 Reference Strength and Modulus
- 2.4.3 Statistical Basis for Reference Strength and Modulus
- 2.4.4 Adjustments to Reference Strength
- 2.4.5 Notches, Holes, and Other Stress Concentrations
- 2.5 Stability of Frames and Members [Go to Page]
- 2.5.1 General Requirements
- 2.5.2 Design Requirements for Frame Stability
- 2.5.3 Required Strength of Frames
- 2.5.4 Design Requirements for Member Stability
- 2.5.5 Bracing of Members and Frames
- 2.6 Design for Serviceability [Go to Page]
- 2.6.1 Deformations
- 2.6.2 Vibration
- 2.6.3 Connection Slip
- 2.6.4 Expansion and Contraction
- 2.6.5 Deterioration
- 2.7 Design for Ponding
- 2.8 Design for Fatigue
- 2.9 Design of Connections
- 2.10 Gross and Net Areas [Go to Page]
- 2.10.1 Gross Area
- 2.10.2 Net Area
- CHAPTER 3: DESIGN OF TENSION MEMBERS [Go to Page]
- 3.1 Scope
- 3.2 General Provisions
- 3.3 Nominal Axial Tensile Strength
- 3.4 Slenderness Limitation
- 3.5 Built-Up Members
- CHAPTER 4: DESIGN OF COMPRESSION MEMBERS [Go to Page]
- 4.1 Scope
- 4.2 General Provisions
- 4.3 Slenderness and Effective Length Considerations [Go to Page]
- 4.3.1 Member Length
- 4.3.2 Effective Length Factor
- 4.3.3 Compression Member Effective Length
- 4.3.4 Compression Member Effective Slenderness Ratio
- 4.4 Factored Critical Stress in Compression for Common Sections [Go to Page]
- 4.4.1 Geometrically Symmetric I-Shaped Sections
- 4.4.2 T-Shaped Sections
- 4.4.3 Single Angle Sections with Equal Legs
- 4.4.4 Square and Rectangular Tube Sections
- 4.4.5 Circular Tube Sections
- 4.4.6 Square, Rectangular, and Circular Solid Sections
- 4.5 Compression Strength for Members with Other Cross Sections
- 4.6 Compression Strength for Built-Up Members
- CHAPTER 5: DESIGN OF MEMBERS FOR FLEXURE AND SHEAR [Go to Page]
- 5.1 Scope
- 5.2 Design of Members for Flexure [Go to Page]
- 5.2.1 Design Basis
- 5.2.2 Material Rupture
- 5.2.3 Local Buckling
- 5.2.3.1 I-Shaped Sections Bent about the Major Axis
- 5.2.3.2 Singly Symmetric Channels Bent about the Major Axis
- 5.2.3.3 Tee Sections Bent about the Major Axis
- 5.2.3.4 Back-to-Back Angle Sections
- 5.2.3.5 Square and Rectangular Box Members
- 5.2.3.6 Doubly Symmetric I-Shaped Members Bent about the Minor Axis
- 5.2.3.7 Singly Symmetric Channels Bent about the Minor Axis
- 5.2.4 Lateral-Torsional Buckling
- 5.2.4.1
- 5.2.4.2
- 5.3 Design of Members for Shear [Go to Page]
- 5.3.1 Design Basis
- 5.3.2 Strength of Members Due to Material Rupture in Shear
- 5.3.3 Strength of Members Due to Web Shear Buckling
- 5.3.4 Design of Web Stiffener
- 5.4 Design of Members for Concentrated Forces [Go to Page]
- 5.4.1 Design Basis
- 5.4.2 Factored Strength of Members Due to Tensile Rupture of Web(s)
- 5.4.3 Local Material Failure at Web-Flange Juncture Under Concentrated Load
- 5.4.4 Factored Strength of Members Due to Web Compression Buckling
- 5.4.5 Factored Strength of Members Due to Flange Flexural Failure
- 5.5 Design for Copes, Notches, Holes, and Openings [Go to Page]
- 5.5.1 Copes, Notches, Holes, and Openings in the Flange or Web
- 5.5.2 Doubler Plate Requirements
- CHAPTER 6: DESIGN OF MEMBERS SUBJECTED TO COMBINED FORCES AND TORSION [Go to Page]
- 6.1 Scope
- 6.2 Design Requirements
- 6.3 Doubly and Singly Symmetric Members Subjected to Flexure and Axial Force
- 6.4 Doubly Symmetric Members Subjected to Torsion and Combined Torsion, Flexure, and/or Axial Force [Go to Page]
- 6.4.1 Circular and Rectangular Tubes Subjected to Torsion
- 6.4.2 Rectangular Hollow Tubes Subject to Combined Torsion, Flexure, and Axial Force
- CHAPTER 7: DESIGN OF PLATES AND BUILT-UP MEMBERS [Go to Page]
- 7.1 Scope
- 7.2 General Provisions
- 7.3 Design of Plates Subjected to Flexure
- 7.4 Design of Plates Subjected to Through-the-Thickness Shear [Go to Page]
- 7.4.1 Nominal Shear Strength of Plates
- 7.4.2 Pull-Through Strength of Plates
- 7.5 Design of Plates Subjected to In-Plane Tensile Loading [Go to Page]
- 7.5.1 Nominal Tensile Strength of Plates
- 7.5.2 Nominal Strength of Plates Subjected to Longitudinal Tension
- 7.5.3 Nominal Strength of Plates Subjected to Transverse Tension
- 7.6 Design of Plates Subjected to In-Plane Compressive Loading [Go to Page]
- 7.6.1 Nominal Compressive Strength of Plates
- 7.6.2 Nominal Material Rupture Strength of Plates Subjected to Compression
- 7.6.3 Nominal Buckling Strength of Plates Subjected to Longitudinal Compression
- 7.6.4 Nominal Buckling Strength of Plates Subjected to Combined Longitudinal and Transverse Compression
- 7.7 Design of Plates Subjected to In-Plane Shear Loading [Go to Page]
- 7.7.1 Nominal In-Plane Shear Strength of Plates
- 7.7.2 Nominal Material Rupture Strength of Plates Subjected to In-Plane Shear
- 7.7.3 Nominal Buckling Strength of Plates Subjected to In-Plane Shear
- 7.8 Design of Built-Up Members
- 7.9 Design of Plates for Serviceability
- CHAPTER 8: DESIGN OF BOLTED CONNECTIONS [Go to Page]
- 8.1 Scope [Go to Page]
- 8.1.1 Axially Loaded Connections
- 8.1.2 Placement of Bolts
- 8.1.3 Framing Connections
- 8.2 General Provisions [Go to Page]
- 8.2.1 Scope
- 8.2.2 Bolts
- 8.2.3 Size and Use of Bolt Holes
- 8.2.4 Nuts and Washers
- 8.2.5 Connection Geometry Requirements
- 8.3 Connection Design [Go to Page]
- 8.3.1 Design Basis
- 8.3.2 Single Row Bolted Connections
- 8.3.2.1 Tension and Shear Strength of Bolts, Rbt
- 8.3.2.2 Pull-Through Strength, Rtt
- 8.3.2.3 Pin-Bearing Strength, Rbr
- 8.3.2.4 Net Tension Strength, Rnt
- 8.3.2.5 Shear-Out Strength, Rsh
- 8.3.2.6 Cleavage Strength, Rcl
- 8.3.3 Bolted Connections with Two or Three Rows of Bolts
- 8.3.3.1 Tension Strength at First Bolt Row, Rnt,f
- 8.3.3.2 Shear-Out Strength between Rows of Bolts, Rsh
- 8.3.3.3 Block Shear Strength, Rbs
- 8.3.4 Simple Frame Connections
- 8.3.4.1 Shear Strength of Clip Angle, Rsh,sp
- 8.3.4.2 Members in Tension and Flexure with Splice Connections
- 8.3.4.3 Compression Members with Bearing Connections
- 8.4 Column Bases and Bearing on Concrete
- CHAPTER 9: SEISMIC DESIGN REQUIREMENTS [Go to Page]
- 9.1 Seismic Loads [Go to Page]
- 9.1.1 Seismic Design Category A
- 9.1.2 Design Parameters for Seismic Force-Resisting Systems in Seismic Design Categories B through F
- 9.1.3 Limitations on Seismic Force-Resisting Systems in Seismic Design Categories D through F
- 9.1.4 Design for Elements Not Part of the Seismic Force-Resisting System
- 9.2 Seismic Force-Resisting Systems [Go to Page]
- 9.2.1 Generic Pultruded FRP Structures
- 9.2.2 Multi-Tier Concentrically Braced Frame
- 9.2.3 Enhanced Connection Strength Braced Frame
- 9.2.4 Ordinary Braced Cooling Towers
- APPENDIX A: SYMBOLS AND NOTATIONS
- APPENDIX B: GLOSSARY [Go to Page]
- Fundamental Definitions
- Additional Important Terms and Definitions
- CHAPTER C1: GENERAL PROVISIONS [Go to Page]
- C1.1 Scope [Go to Page]
- C1.1.1 Applicability and Exclusions
- C1.1.2 Maximum Service Temperature
- C1.1.3 Units
- C1.2 Referenced Specifications, Codes, and Standards
- C1.3 Materials [Go to Page]
- C1.3.1 FRP Constituent Materials
- C1.3.2 Physical and Mechanical Properties of Pultruded FRP Products
- C1.3.3 Fire, Smoke, and Toxicity
- C1.3.4 Durability and Environmental Effects
- C1.4 Design Basis [Go to Page]
- C1.4.1 Limit States Design
- C1.4.2 General Analysis Requirements
- C1.4.3 Design for Strength
- C1.4.4 Design for Serviceability
- C1.4.5 Seismic Design
- C1.5 Loads and Load Combinations [Go to Page]
- C1.5.1 Nominal Loads
- C1.5.2 Load Combinations for Strength Limit States
- C1.5.3 Load Combinations for Serviceability Limit States
- C1.5.4 General Structural Integrity
- C1.6 Structural Design Drawings and Specifications
- C1.7 Fabrication, Construction, and Quality Assurance
- CHAPTER C2: DESIGN REQUIREMENTS [Go to Page]
- C2.3 Design Strength [Go to Page]
- C2.3.1 Basic Strength Requirement
- C2.3.2 Prequalified FRP Building Products
- C2.4 Nominal Strength and Stiffness [Go to Page]
- C2.4.1 Nominal Strength
- C2.4.2 Reference Strength and Modulus
- C2.4.3 Statistical Basis for Reference Strength and Modulus
- C2.4.4 Adjustments to Reference Strength
- C2.4.5 Notches, Holes, and Other Stress Concentrations
- C2.5 Stability of Frames and Members [Go to Page]
- C2.5.1 General Requirements
- C2.5.2 Design Requirements for Frame Stability
- C2.5.3 Required Strength of Frames
- C2.5.5 Bracing of Members and Frames
- C2.6 Design for Serviceability [Go to Page]
- C2.6.1 Deformations
- C2.6.2 Vibration
- C2.7 Design for Ponding
- C2.8 Design for Fatigue
- C2.9 Design of Connections
- CHAPTER C3: DESIGN OF TENSION MEMBERS [Go to Page]
- C3.1 Scope
- C3.2 General Provisions
- C3.3 Nominal Axial Tensile Strength
- C3.4 Slenderness Limitation
- C3.5 Built-Up Members
- CHAPTER C4: DESIGN OF COMPRESSION MEMBERS [Go to Page]
- C4.1 Scope
- C4.2 General Provisions
- C4.3 Slenderness and Effective Length Considerations [Go to Page]
- C4.3.1 Member Length
- C4.3.2 Effective Length Factor
- C4.3.4 Compression Member Effective Slenderness Ratio
- C4.4 Factored Critical Stress in Compression for Common Sections [Go to Page]
- C4.4.1 Geometrically Symmetric I-Shaped Sections
- C4.4.2 T-Shaped Sections
- C4.4.3 Single Angle Sections with Equal Legs
- C4.4.5 Circular Tube Sections
- C4.4.6 Square, Rectangular, and Circular Solid Sections
- C4.5 Compression Strength for Members with Other Cross Sections
- C4.6 Compression Strength for Built-Up Members
- CHAPTER C5: DESIGN OF MEMBERS FOR FLEXURE AND SHEAR [Go to Page]
- C5.1 Scope
- C5.2 Design of Members for Flexure [Go to Page]
- C5.2.2 Factored Nominal Strength of Members Due to Material Rupture
- C5.2.3 Factored Nominal Strength of Members Due to Local Buckling
- C5.2.4 Factored Strength Due to Lateral-Torsional Buckling
- C5.3 Design of Members for Shear [Go to Page]
- C5.3.3 Strength of Members Due to Web Shear Buckling
- C5.3.4 Design of Web Stiffener
- C5.4 Design of Members for Concentrated Forces [Go to Page]
- C5.4.1 Design Basis
- C5.4.2 Factored Strength of Members Due to Tensile Rupture of Web(s)
- C5.4.3 Factored Nominal Strength of Members Due to Local Material Failure at Web-Flange Juncture Under Concentrated Load
- C5.4.4 Factored Strength of Members Due to Web Compression Buckling
- C5.4.5 Factored Strength of Members Due to Flange Flexural Failure
- C5.5 Design for Copes, Notches, Holes, and Openings [Go to Page]
- C5.5.1 Copes, Notches, Holes, and Openings in the Flange or Web
- CHAPTER C6: DESIGN OF MEMBERS SUBJECTED TO COMBINED FORCES AND TORSION [Go to Page]
- C6.1 Scope
- C6.3 Doubly and Singly Symmetric Members Subjected to Flexure and Axial Force
- C6.4 Doubly Symmetric Members Subjected to Torsion and Combined Torsion, Flexure, and/or Axial Force [Go to Page]
- C6.4.1 Circular and Rectangular Tubes Subjected to Torsion
- C6.4.2 Rectangular Hollow Tubes Subjected to Combined Torsion, Flexure, and Axial Force
- CHAPTER C7: DESIGN OF PLATES AND BUILT-UP MEMBERS [Go to Page]
- C7.1 Scope
- C7.2 General Provisions
- C7.3 Design of Plates Subjected to Flexure
- C7.4 Design of Plates Subjected to Through-the-Thickness Shear [Go to Page]
- C7.4.1 Nominal Shear Strength of Plates
- C7.4.2 Pull-Through Strength of Plates
- C7.5 Design of Plates Subjected to In-Plane Tensile Loading [Go to Page]
- C7.5.1 Nominal Tensile Strength of Plates
- C7.6 Design of Plates Subjected to In-Plane Compressive Loading [Go to Page]
- C7.6.1 Nominal Compressive Strength of Plates
- C7.6.3 Nominal Buckling Strength of Plates Subjected to Longitudinal Compression
- C7.6.4 Nominal Buckling Strength of Plates Subjected to Combined Longitudinal and Transverse Compression
- C7.7 Design of Plates Subjected to In-Plane Shear Loading [Go to Page]
- C7.7.1 Nominal In-Plane Shear Strength of Plates
- C7.7.2 Nominal Material Rupture Strength of Plates Subjected to In-Plane Shear
- C7.7.3 Nominal Buckling Strength of Plates Subjected to In-Plane Shear
- C7.8 Design of Built-Up Members
- C7.9 Design of Plates for Serviceability
- CHAPTER C8: DESIGN OF BOLTED CONNECTIONS [Go to Page]
- C8.1 Scope [Go to Page]
- C8.1.1 Axially Loaded Connections
- C8.1.2 Placement of Bolts
- C8.1.3 Framing Connections
- C8.2 General Provisions [Go to Page]
- C8.2.1 Scope
- C8.2.2 Bolts
- C8.2.3 Size and Use of Bolt Holes
- C8.2.4 Nuts and Washers
- C8.2.5 Connection Geometry Requirements
- C8.3 Connection Design [Go to Page]
- C8.3.1 Design Basis
- C8.3.2 Single Row Bolted Connections
- C8.3.2.1 Tension and Shear Strength of Bolts, Rbt
- C8.3.2.2 Pull-Through Strength, Rtt
- C8.3.2.3 Pin-Bearing Strength, Rbr
- C8.3.2.4 Net Tension Strength, Rnt
- C8.3.2.5 Shear-Out Strength, Rsh
- C8.3.2.6 Cleavage Strength, Rcl
- C8.3.3 Bolted Connections with Two or Three Rows of Bolts
- C8.3.3.1 Tension Strength at First Bolt Row, Rnt,f
- C8.3.3.2 Shear-Out Strength between Rows of Bolts, Rsh
- C8.3.3.3 Block Shear Strength, Rbs
- C8.3.4 Simple Frame Connections
- C8.3.4.1 Shear Strength of Clip Angle, Rsh,sp
- C8.3.4.3 Compression Members with Bearing Connections
- C8.4 Column Bases and Bearing on Concrete
- APPENDIX CA8.3.3 BOLTED CONNECTIONS WITH TWO OR THREE ROWS OF BOLTS-FULL FORMULAE [Go to Page]
- CA8.3.3.1 Load Distribution per Bolt Row
- CA8.3.3.2 Net Tension Strength at First Bolt Row, Rnt,f
- CHAPTER C9: SEISMIC DESIGN REQUIREMENTS [Go to Page]
- C9.1 Seismic Loads [Go to Page]
- C9.1.1 Seismic Design Category A
- C9.1.2 Design Parameters for Seismic Force-Resisting Systems in Seismic Design Categories B through F
- C9.1.3 Limitations on Seismic Force-Resisting Systems in Seismic Design Categories D through F
- C9.1.4 Design for Elements Not Part of the Seismic Force-Resisting System
- C9.2 Seismic Force-Resisting Systems [Go to Page]
- C9.2.1 Generic Pultruded FRP Structures
- C9.2.2 Multi-Tier Concentrically Braced Frame
- C9.2.3 Enhanced Connection Strength Connection Braced Frame
- C9.2.4 Ordinary Braced Cooling Towers
- REFERENCES [Go to Page]
- Other References (Not Cited)
- INDEX [Go to Page]
