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Earthquakes and Engineers - An International History, 2012
- Cover
- Contents
- Acknowledgments
- Introduction [Go to Page]
- The Definition of “Earthquake Engineering”
- Engineers and Scientists
- Earthquake Engineering and Earthquake-Resistant Construction
- Scope
- Why This Book?
- 1 Approaches to Earthquake Engineering History [Go to Page]
- Earthquake Engineering Lore Can Be Fascinating, yet Factual
- The Value of Thinking
- Adding Breadth to Engineering
- Credit Where Credit Is Due
- History as a Way of Thinking about the Future
- Past Ideas and Developments May Still Be Useful Today
- Chronology Vis-Ã -Vis History
- History as a Sieve
- Potential Sources of Bias
- Why the Emphasis on the Early Years?
- The End of Earthquake Engineering History?
- 2 The Complexities of Earthquake Engineering [Go to Page]
- Similarities and Differences with Other Engineering Disciplines
- Risk
- Inelasticity and Nonlinear Behavior
- Dynamics
- 3 Ancient Understanding and Misunderstanding [Go to Page]
- Mythological Beliefs: Supernatural Explanations for a Natural Phenomenon
- China
- India
- Japan
- Africa
- New Zealand
- Greece
- Middle East
- Fiji
- Mexico
- North American Indians
- Limited Accomplishments from Ancient Times
- 4 Beginnings of the Modern Scientific Approach: Renaissance to 1850 [Go to Page]
- The Development of Geology as a Science
- Galileo, Newton, Hooke: The Beginnings of Physics and Engineering
- Earthquake-Resistant Construction Traditions in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries
- Civil Engineering Development as a Prerequisite to Earthquake Engineering
- 5 The First Seismologists and Earthquake Engineers: The Nineteenth Century [Go to Page]
- Robert Mallet, the First Earthquake Engineer
- Japan in the Meiji Period
- The University of Tokyo
- John Milne: The Foremost Early Seismologist
- Ayrton, Perry, Ewing, Knott, Gray, and Mendenhall
- Development of Seismology Outside of Japan
- Intensity, an Early Tool of Seismologists and Engineers
- Understanding Faults and the Generation of Earthquakes
- Steel and Reinforced Concrete Join the Traditional Construction Materials
- Moment-Resisting Frames, Braced Frames, Walls, and Diaphragms
- Construction Vocabulary in Place, but Lacking Syntax
- The Lack of Quantitative Measures of Seismic Loads
- Static Analysis of a Dynamic Phenomenon
- The Many Unsolved Problems
- 6 1900–1940: Poised for Further Development but Lacking Essential Analytical Tools [Go to Page]
- Earthquake Engineering in Japan
- Developing “Surficial” Seismology
- Research and Practice Initiatives after the 1906 San Francisco Earthquake
- The 1908 Messina–Reggio Earthquake
- 1910 Cartago, Costa Rica, Earthquake: An Early Recognition of the Vulnerability of Unreinforced Masonry
- The 1923 Kanto, Japan, Earthquake: The First Test of Seismically Analyzed and Designed Buildings
- Seismologists Develop the First Estimates of Future Earthquakes: Where, How Big, and How Often
- Magnitude Becomes a Useful Tool for Seismologists and Engineers Alike
- Earthquakes of the 1930s Bring Codes to India, Pakistan, New Zealand, the United States, Chile, and Turkey
- Soil Engineering Develops
- Measurements of Ground Shaking and Attempts by Engineers to Analyze Those Measurements
- Assessing the State of Practice in 1940
- 7 1940–1960: Major Advances in Understanding and Design [Go to Page]
- Laboratory and Field Instrumentation
- Laboratory Testing Apparatus
- Aeronautics, Atomic and Other Bombs, World War II, and the Cold War
- Tsunamis Become a Recognized Research and Risk Reduction Topic
- Dynamics Comes to Soils and Foundation Engineering
- How Severely Can the Ground Shake?
- Ductility Becomes a Prime Goal to Achieve Deformation Capacity, Rather Than Strength Capacity
- The Duet of Ground Motion and Structural Response
- The Longevity of the Response Spectrum and Equivalent Lateral Force Methods
- The First World Conference on Earthquake Engineering
- The Internationalization of the Field
- A Breakthrough in the Earth Sciences: Plate Tectonics Theory
- 8 1960–2000: Computers, Instruments, and Apparatus Provide Needed Analysis and Design Tools [Go to Page]
- Computers
- Computer Software Development
- The Internet
- Instruments for Measuring the Behavior and Properties of the Ground and Structures
- Simulation of Earthquakes with Shake Tables, Reaction Walls, Forced Vibration, Centrifuges, and Other Apparatus
- 9 1960–2000: The Construction Industry Introduces New Innovations and Challenges [Go to Page]
- New Structural Systems
- The Capacity Design Method
- Capacity Spectrum, Pushover, and Displacement-Based Methods
- Improvements in Ductility
- Seismic Isolation
- Damping Devices
- Active Control
- Architectural Trends Challenge the Engineers
- 10 1960–2000: Universities and Research Institutes Provide the Well-Educated Experts for a Growing Field [Go to Page]
- The First Earthquake Engineering Professors Teach Themselves a New Subject
- Japan
- United States
- Italy
- Turkey
- India
- New Zealand
- China
- Chile
- Canada
- The Technology of Teaching
- Social Scientists Study Earthquakes
- 11 1960–2000: Special Design Problems Provide Continuing Motivation for Innovation [Go to Page]
- Tall Buildings
- Hospitals
- Nonstructural Components Become More Extensive and More Damageable
- Retrofitting to Reduce Existing Risks
- Infrastructure Receives Specialized Attention
- 12 1960–2000: Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering Enters Its Growth Phase [Go to Page]
- Liquefaction, Surface Fault Rupture, Landslides
- Effects of Soil on Shaking
- Seismic Zonation
- Signs of a Maturing Discipline
- 13 1960–2000: Probabilistic Approaches [Go to Page]
- Earthquake Loss Estimation
- Average Loss, Damage Probability Matrices, and Fragility Curves
- Probabilistic Approaches to Ground-Motion Mapping
- Probabilistic Definitions of Safety
- 14 1960–2000: Increasing Funding, Regulations, and Public Expectations Provide Support for a Maturing Field [Go to Page]
- Rising Expectations
- Mitigation of Risk Versus Elimination of Risk
- The Spread of Earthquake Construction Regulations
- Disasters Continue to Be the Major Motivators
- Earthquake Engineering Is Freely Imported and Exported
- Growth in the Literature
- Solving Problems Versus Identifying Problems
- A Global Attitude Toward Earthquake Risk
- All the Eggs in One Basket
- In Search of the Seismic Plimsoll Mark
- From Empiricism to Theory
- Epilogue: The Future of Earthquake Engineering History [Go to Page]
- Disciplinary Backgrounds of Historical Investigators
- Oral Histories
- Manuscripts, Documents, and Images
- Collections of Artifacts: Construction Samples, Laboratory Apparatus and Specimens, and Instruments
- Museums of Earthquake Engineering
- Unanswered Questions
- Conclusion
- Appendix: Earthquake Engineering History as Delineated by Significant Earthquakes
- References
- Index [Go to Page]
- A
- B
- C
- D
- E
- F
- G
- H
- I
- J
- K
- L
- M
- N
- O
- P
- Q
- R
- S
- T
- U
- V
- W
- X
- Y
- Z
- About the Author [Go to Page]