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PD CLC IEC/TS 60034-31:2024 - TC Tracked Changes. Rotating electrical machines - Selection of energy-efficient motors including variable speed applications. Application guidelines, 2024
- A-30377152.pdf [Go to Page]
- undefined
- European foreword
- Endorsement notice
- Annex ZA (normative) Normative references to international publications with their corresponding European publications [Go to Page]
- CONTENTS
- FOREWORD
- INTRODUCTION
- 1 Scope
- 2 Normative references
- 3 Terms, definitions, symbols and acronyms [Go to Page]
- 3.1 Terms and definitions
- 3.2 Symbols
- 3.3 Acronyms
- 4 Background [Go to Page]
- 4.1 General
- Figures [Go to Page]
- Figure 1 – Industrial electric motors in numbers
- 4.2 Introduction to IEC standards [Go to Page]
- 4.2.1 Overview
- Figure 2 – Estimated global market shares of industrial electric motorsper efficiency class in the time period 1995 to 2020
- Figure 3 – Components of a motor driven unit [Go to Page]
- 4.2.2 Scope of efficiency classification
- 4.2.3 Efficiency interpolation (IEC 60034-2-3)
- Tables [Go to Page]
- Table 1 – Overview of IEC standards on energy efficiencyof power drive systems and motor driven units
- Figure 4 – Seven standardized operating points from IEC 60034-2-3
- 5 Applications [Go to Page]
- 5.1 Applications where the motor is fully loaded over longer periods of time
- 5.2 Applications with square torque-speed characteristic (pumps, fans, compressors) [Go to Page]
- 5.2.1 General
- Figure 5 – Reduction of motor input power between one efficiency class tothe next higher class in percentage versus rated motor output power,shown cumulative for 4-pole motors [Go to Page]
- 5.2.2 Throttling versus variable speed control of pump systems
- 5.2.3 On/off flow control of pump systems
- 5.2.4 Pump systems for variable flow and their energy saving potential
- Figure 6 – System curves with and without a throttle valveand pump curves at constant speeds [Go to Page]
- 5.2.5 Summary for fan system design
- 5.3 Applications with a constant torque characteristic (conveyors, lifts, hoist drives) [Go to Page]
- 5.3.1 General
- 5.3.2 Conveyors with constant speed versus variable speed control
- Figure 7 – Average electric power consumption for end-suction own bearing (ESOB) clean water pumps driven by different motors connected DOL or with VFD
- 6 Fundamentals of electrical machines [Go to Page]
- 6.1 General
- Figure 8 – System curves for conveyor (belt) drives, hoist drives, lifts, etc.
- 6.2 Technology [Go to Page]
- 6.2.1 Technologies for fixed speed, line start motors
- 6.2.2 Technologies for Variable Frequency Drive motors
- 6.3 Efficiency [Go to Page]
- 6.3.1 General
- Figure 9 – Squirrel cage induction motor [Go to Page]
- 6.3.2 Motor losses
- 6.3.3 Motors for higher efficiency classes
- Table 2 – Loss distribution in three phase, 4-pole, cage induction electric motors [Go to Page]
- 6.3.4 Variations in motor losses
- 6.4 Power factor
- 6.5 Pole number, frequency and speed relations
- 6.6 Differences between constant speed and variable speed operations
- Table 3 – Relations between pole number, frequency and speed
- 7 Motors for constant speed operation [Go to Page]
- 7.1 General
- 7.2 Motors rated for 50 Hz and 60 Hz
- Figure 10 – Operating capability for a DOL motor compared to a VFD motor
- 7.3 Starting performance
- Table 4 – Exemplary efficiency calculation of a motor when operated at 50 Hzand 60 Hz with the same torque, using a 50 Hz motor rating as the basis
- 7.4 Operating speed and slip
- 7.5 Motor losses for variable load
- 7.6 Power factor
- Figure 11 – Typical 4-pole induction motor power loss distribution versus power rating
- 7.7 Partial load efficiency
- Figure 12 – Performance characteristics of 4-pole, three phase,cage induction motors of different power ratings
- 7.8 Motors rated for different voltages or a voltage range
- 7.9 Soft starters
- 7.10 IE efficiency classes
- 7.11 Efficiency testing methods
- 7.12 Effects of power supply and ambient temperature variations [Go to Page]
- 7.12.1 Effects of power quality and variations in voltage and frequency
- 7.12.2 Effects of voltage unbalance
- 7.12.3 Effects of ambient temperature
- Table 5 – IE efficiency classes of line operated AC motors [Go to Page]
- 7.12.4 Voltages variations
- 7.13 Motor dimensioning
- 8 Motors for variable speed operation [Go to Page]
- 8.1 General
- Figure 13 – Typical variations of current, speed, power factorand efficiency with voltage for constant output power
- 8.2 Motors rated for arbitrary speeds
- 8.3 Motor losses for variable frequency and load
- 8.4 Further losses in motors designed for constant speed in variable speed operation
- 8.5 Variable frequency drives
- 8.6 Variable frequency drive losses
- 8.7 Variable frequency drive power factor
- Figure 14 – Schematic layout of a variable frequency drive
- 8.8 Partial speed and partial torque efficiency of motor drive system
- 8.9 IE and IES efficiency classes
- 8.10 Efficiency determination methods
- Figure 15 – Distortion power factor versus the total harmonic distortionof the line current at the input to a variable frequency drive
- 8.11 Motor and variable frequency drive system dimensioning
- Figure 16 – Typical system curves for different applications
- 9 System selection guidelines [Go to Page]
- 9.1 Introduction to system selection methodology [Go to Page]
- 9.1.1 System design for minimal energy use
- Figure 17 – Overview of a Motor Driven Unit and related equipment of a system [Go to Page]
- 9.1.2 Efficiency optimization potential of system versus components
- 9.1.3 Selection criteria
- 9.1.4 System with variable frequency drive
- 9.2 Cost of electric motor systems [Go to Page]
- 9.2.1 Component costs
- Figure 18 – Relative cost of major components in an MDU, dependingon rated power, according to a European market survey in 2017/2018 [Go to Page]
- 9.2.2 Operating cost
- 9.2.3 Life cycle cost
- 10 Maintenance and lifetime expectations [Go to Page]
- 10.1 Common causes of failures in industrial motors
- 10.2 Lifetime expectations of lubricants for bearings
- 10.3 Lifetime expectations of insulations for windings
- Figure 19 – Distribution of failure causes for induction motors in industry
- 10.4 Potential failure sources in bearings and insulation for motors supplied by VFD
- 10.5 Variable frequency drive maintenance and expected lifetime
- 10.6 Different categories of maintenance
- Figure 20 – Simplistic representation in relative scale of three different maintenance categories, namely corrective, preventive and predictive principles
- Annex A (informative)Typical efficiency values and losses of motorsand variable frequency drives [Go to Page]
- A.1 General
- A.2 Losses of direct-on-line motors
- A.3 Losses of variable speed motors
- A.4 Losses of variable frequency drives (VFD)
- Annex B (informative)Tables of typical efficiency values of motors Direct-on-Line (DOL) [Go to Page]
- Table B.1 – Typical efficiency values of 50 Hz IE1 induction motors
- Table B.2 – Typical efficiency values of 50 Hz IE2 induction motors
- Table B.3 – Typical efficiency values of 50 Hz IE3 induction motors
- Table B.4 – Typical efficiency values of 50 Hz IE4 induction motors
- Annex C (informative)Examples of energy savings and life cycle cost savings [Go to Page]
- C.1 General
- C.2 Water pump
- Figure C.1 – Standard water pump characteristic
- Table C.1 – Calculation of motor performance at operating points 1 to 3
- Table C.2 – System losses and performance
- C.3 Common interpretation error in fan applications when replacing motor
- Figure C.2 – The torque versus synchronous speed for an induction motor of class IE2, a line-started synchronous motor of class IE4 and the system curve of a fan, respectively
- C.4 Fans in parallel
- Figure C.3 – Comparison of two different fan control methods with equal flow
- C.5 Electric motor materials versus energy efficiency and CO2 emissions
- Figure C.4 – Energy flow diagram from primary energy source,coal, to the electric motor
- Table C.3 – Calculated electricity, coal weight and CO2 emissions savings
- Annex D (informative)Calculation sheet for losses and efficiency interpolation [Go to Page]
- Figure D.1 – Extract from EXCEL calculation sheet available for download
- Bibliography [Go to Page]
