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Hurricane Katrina in the Gulf Coast: Mitigation Assessment Team Report, Building Performance Observations, Recommendations, and Technical Guidance, 2006
- Hurricane Katrina in the Gulf Coast
- Dedication
- Executive Summary
- Table of Contents
- 1. Introduction [Go to Page]
- 1.1 Hurricane Katrina – The Event [Go to Page]
- 1.1.1 Hurricane Katrina Economic Loss Summary
- 1.1.2 Storm Surge Analysis and Discussion
- HWM Classification Types:
- 1.1.3 Wind Hazard Analysis and Discussion
- 1.2 Historic Hurricanes [Go to Page]
- 1.2.1 Hurricane Betsy
- 1.2.2 Hurricane Camille
- 1.2.3 Hurricane Frederic
- 1.3 FEMA Mitigation Assessment Teams (MATs) [Go to Page]
- 1.3.1 Purpose of the MAT
- 1.3.3 Methodology
- 2. Floodplain Management Regulations and Building Codes and Standards [Go to Page]
- 2.1 Floodplain Management Regulations [Go to Page]
- 2.1.1 Flood Studies and Flood Maps
- 2.1.2 Higher Regulatory Standards
- 2.1.3 Mississippi – Relating Observed Flood Damage to the FIRMs
- 2.1.4 Louisiana – Relating Observed Flood Damage to the FIRMs
- 2.1.5 Alabama – Relating Observed Flood Damage to the FIRMs
- 2.2 Building Codes and Standards [Go to Page]
- 2.2.1 Flood Requirements in the IBC and the IRC
- 2.2.2 Flood Requirements in ASCE 7
- 2.2.3 Flood Requirements in ASCE 24
- 2.2.4 Wind Requirements in Building Codes and Standards – Mississippi
- 2.2.5 Wind Requirements in Building Codes and Standards – Louisiana
- 2.2.6 Wind Requirements in Building Codes and Standards – Alabama
- 2.3 HUD Manufactured Housing Design Standards
- 3. General Overview of Storm-Related Damage [Go to Page]
- 3.1 Flood Effects [Go to Page]
- 3.1.1 Flood Effects on One- and Two-Family Residential Buildings
- 3.1.2 Flood Effects on Multi-Family Residential Buildings
- 3.1.3 Flood Effects on Commercial Buildings
- 3.1.4 Flood Effects on Critical and Essential Facilities
- 3.1.5 Flood Effects on Historic Buildings
- 3.2 Wind Effects [Go to Page]
- 3.2.1 Wind Effects on One- and Two-Family Residential Buildings
- 3.2.2 Wind Effects on Multi-Family Residential Buildings
- 3.2.3 Wind Effects on Commercial Buildings
- 3.2.4 Wind Effects on Critical and Essential Facilities
- 3.2.5 Wind Effects on Historic Buildings
- 4. Structural Systems Performance [Go to Page]
- 4.1.1 Single-Family Residential Buildings [Go to Page]
- 4.1.2 Manufactured Housing
- 4.1.3 Low-Rise, Multi-Family Residential Buildings
- 4.2 Wind [Go to Page]
- 4.2.1 Wood-Framed Buildings
- 4.2.3 Pre-Engineered Metal Buildings
- 5. Building Envelope Performance [Go to Page]
- 5.1 Sheathing on the Underside of Elevated Buildings
- 5.2 Doors [Go to Page]
- 5.2.1 Personnel Door Damage
- 5.2.2 Garage Door Damage
- 5.2.3 Rolling and Sectional Door Damage
- 5.3 Non-Load-Bearing Walls, Wall Coverings, and Soffits [Go to Page]
- 5.3.1 Non-Load-Bearing Walls
- 5.3.2 Wall Coverings and Soffits
- 5.4 Roof Systems [Go to Page]
- 5.4.1 Asphalt Shingles
- 5.4.2 Fiber-Cement, Slate, and Tile
- 5.4.3 Metal Panels and Shingles
- 5.4.4 Low-Slope Membrane Systems
- 5.5 Windows, Shutters, and Skylights [Go to Page]
- 5.5.1 Unprotected Glazing
- 5.5.2 Protected Glazing
- 5.5.3 Over-Pressurization
- 5.5.4 Installation
- 5.5.5 Skylights
- 5.6 Exterior-Mounted Mechanical, Electrical, and Communications Equipment [Go to Page]
- 5.6.1 Mechanical Equipment
- 5.6.2 Electrical and Communications Equipment
- 6. Historic Buildings [Go to Page]
- 6.1 Flood Damage [Go to Page]
- 6.1.1 Biloxi Lighthouse (Biloxi, Mississippi)
- 6.1.2 Tullis-Toledano House (Biloxi, Mississippi)
- 6.1.3 Tivoli Hotel (Biloxi, Mississippi)
- 6.1.4 Beauvoir, Jefferson Davis' Home (Biloxi, Mississippi)
- 6.1.5 Longue Vue House and Gardens (New Orleans, Louisiana)
- 6.1.6 Milne Boys Home (New Orleans, Louisiana)
- 6.1.7 Bank Building (Bay St. Louis, Mississippi)
- 6.2 Wind Damage [Go to Page]
- 6.2.1 Veterans Affairs Medical Center (Gulfport, Mississippi)
- 6.2.2 Benachi House (New Orleans, Louisiana)
- 6.2.3 Pitot House Museum (New Orleans, Louisiana)
- 6.2.4 Valence Street Baptist Church (New Orleans, Louisiana)
- 6.2.5 Longue Vue House and Gardens (New Orleans, Louisiana)
- 7. Performance of Critical and Essential Facilities [Go to Page]
- 7.1 Emergency Operations Centers [Go to Page]
- 7.1.1 Jackson County EOC (Pascagoula, Mississippi)
- 7.1.2 Harrison County EOC (Gulfport, Mississippi)
- 7.1.3 Hancock County EOC (Bay St. Louis, Mississippi)
- 7.2 Fire Stations [Go to Page]
- 7.2.1 Back Bay Fire Co. #4 (Biloxi, Mississippi)
- 7.2.2 Gulfport Fire Station #1 (Gulfport, Mississippi)
- 7.2.3 Gulfport Fire Station #5 (Gulfport, Mississippi)
- 7.2.4 Gulfport Fire Station #7 (Gulfport, Mississippi)
- 7.2.5 Pass Christian Fire Department (Pass Christian, Mississippi)
- 7.2.6 Cuevas Volunteer Fire Department (Pass Christian, Mississippi)
- 7.2.7 Northshore Volunteer Fire Department (Slidell, Louisiana)
- 7.2.8 A. J. Champagne Fire Station (Slidell, Louisiana)
- 7.2.9 Third District Fire Headquarters (New Orleans, Louisiana)
- 7.2.10 Port Sulphur Volunteer Fire Department (Port Sulphur, Louisiana)
- 7.2.11 Buras Volunteer Fire Department (Buras, Louisiana)
- 7.3 Hospitals [Go to Page]
- 7.3.1 Garden Park Medical Center (Gulfport, Mississippi)
- 7.4 Airports and Military Bases [Go to Page]
- 7.4.1 Gulfport-Biloxi International Airport
- 7.4.2 Keesler Air Force Base
- 8. Overview of Hurricane Katrina in the New Orleans Area [Go to Page]
- 8.1 Flooding in the New Orleans Area
- 8.2. Floodplain Management Issues Related to Levees/Floodwalls [Go to Page]
- 8.2.1 History of the New Orleans Levee System
- 8.2.2 Floodplain Mapping and Building Construction within the New Orleans Levee-Protected Area
- 8.3 General Characterization of Flood Damage [Go to Page]
- 8.3.1 Structural Damage
- 8.3.2 Non-Structural Damage
- 8.4 Long-Duration Flood Impacts on Buildings [Go to Page]
- 8.4.1 Deterioration of Building Materials from Lon-Duration Flooding
- 8.4.2 Long-Duration Flood Impacts from Contamination
- 9. Mitigation Successes and Best Practices [Go to Page]
- 9.1 Acquisition Projects [Go to Page]
- 9.1.1 Brickyard Bayou Acquisition Project (Gulfport, Mississippi)
- 9.1.2 Acquisition Project (Pascagoula, Mississippi)
- 9.2 Elevation Projects [Go to Page]
- 9.2.1 Lacombe, Louisiana
- 9.2.2 Elevations Along Lakeshore Drive in Mandeville, Louisiana
- 9.3 Wind Retrofit Projects [Go to Page]
- 9.3.1 Harrison County Courthouse (Gulfport, Mississippi)
- 9.3.2 Ocean Springs Middle School (Ocean Springs, Mississippi)
- 9.3.3 Hancock County Senior Citizens Center (Bay St. Louis, Mississippi)
- 9.3.4 Jackson County EOC (Pascagoula, Mississippi)
- 9.4 Higher Regulatory Standards - Citywide Elevation Standard (Pascagoula, Mississippi)
- 9.5 Other Best Practices [Go to Page]
- 9.5.1 Cantilevered Condenser Platforms
- 9.5.2 Shutters over Windows (Non-Retrofit)
- 10. Conclusions [Go to Page]
- 10.1 Flood Hazards [Go to Page]
- 10.1.1 Lowest Floor Elevations
- 10.1.2 Foundations and Structures
- 10.1.3 Long-Duration Flood Impacts in the New Orleans Area
- 10.2 Wind Hazards [Go to Page]
- 10.2.1 Building Codes
- 10.2.2 Performance of Structural Systems (Residential and Commercial Construction)
- 10.2.3 Performance of Building Envelope, and Mechanical and Electrical Equipment
- 10.2.4 The Need for High-Wind Design and Construction Guidance
- 10.2.5 Wind Mitigation for Existing Buildings
- 10.3 Performance of Critical and Essential Facilities (Including Shelters)
- 10.4 Historic Buildings
- 11. Recommendations [Go to Page]
- 11.1 Flood Related Recommendations [Go to Page]
- 11.1.1 Codes and Standards
- 11.1.2 General Hazard Identification
- 11.1.4 Design and Construction
- 11.1.5 Foundations
- 11.1.6 Flood Insurance
- 11.2 Wind Related Recommendations [Go to Page]
- 11.2.1 Building Codes
- 11.2.2 Design and Construction
- 11.2.3 Wind Mitigation for Existing Buildings
- 11.3 Critical and Essential Facilities Recommendations
- 11.4 Public Outreach Recommendations
- Appendices [Go to Page]
- A. References
- B. Acknowledgements
- C. Acronyms and Abbreviations
- D. Glossary
- E. FEMA Hurricane Katrina Recovery Advisories
- F. High Water Marks
- G. Procedure Memorandum 34– Interim Guidance for Studies Including Levees
- H. Continuity of Operations and Environmental Issues for Infrastructure
- I. Description of Sampling and Analytical Methods
- J. Historic Buildings Pre- and Post-Disaster Mitigation
- K. FEMA Regional Offices [Go to Page]